Republic of Burundi: Map & History

History

Burundi is one of the few countries in Africa (along Rwanda, Botswana, Lesotho, and Eswatini) to be a direct territorial continuation of a pre-colonial era African state. The early history of Burundi, and especially the role and nature of its three dominant ethnic groups—the Twa, Hutu and Tutsi—is debated amongst academics.

The first evidence of the Burundian state dates back to the late 16th century where it emerged on the eastern foothills of the Rift Valley. Over the following centuries it expanded, annexing smaller neighbours. The Kingdom of Burundi or Urundi, in the Great Lakes region was a polity ruled by a traditional monarch with several princes beneath him; succession struggles were common.

Government

Burundi is a presidential representative democratic republic based upon a multi-party state. The president is the head of state and head of government. There are currently 21 registered parties in Burundi. The 1992 constitution established a multi-party political process and reflected multi-party competition. The 1998 constitution broadened the National Assembly's seats and made provisions for two vice-presidents.

The legislative branch is a bicameral assembly, consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly consists of 118 to 123 members. Burundi's constitution mandates representation to be consistent with 60% Hutu, 40% Tutsi, and 30% female members, as well as three Twa members. Members are elected by popular vote and serve five-year terms.

Economy

Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy of Burundi is predominantly agricultural, accounting for 50% of GDP in 2017, and employing more than 90% of the population. Subsistence agriculture accounts for 90% of agriculture. Primary exports are coffee and tea, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings, though exports are a relatively small share of GDP. Other agricultural products include cotton, maize, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk and hides. Even though subsistence farming is highly relied upon, many people do not have the resources to sustain themselves. This is due to large population growth and no coherent policies governing land ownership.

Culture

Burundi's culture is based on local tradition and the influence of neighbouring countries, though cultural prominence has been hindered by civil unrest. Since farming is the main industry, a typical Burundian meal consists of sweet potatoes, maize, rice and peas. Due to the expense, meat is eaten only a few times per month.

When several Burundians of close acquaintance meet for a gathering they drink impeke, a beer, together from a large container to symbolise unity.