Age of Discovery Map: The Early Modern World (1450–1789)

Six centuries of cross-continental rule over Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, controlling the historic gateways between East and West.

The colossal early-modern gunpowder superpower of South Asia, producing over 25% of global GDP and leaving monumental wonders like the Taj Mahal.

The formidable Hindu warrior confederacy founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj that rolled back Mughal hegemony and ruled over two-thirds of the Indian subcontinent.

The pioneering global maritime empire where the sun never set, connecting Europe, the Americas, and the Philippines across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The final imperial dynasty of China, founded by the Manchus, consolidating Tibet, Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Taiwan into a 14.7-million-km² territorial apex.

Restorer of indigenous Han sovereignty following the Mongols, constructing the Forbidden City, the brick Great Wall, and launching the Zheng He treasure voyages.

The pioneer of the European Age of Discovery, establishing a 5.5M-km² maritime chain of fortresses and trading posts from Brazil to Africa, India, Malacca, and Macau.

The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870.

Charles V was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, King of Sicily and Naples from 1516 to 1554, and also Lord of the Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

The Dzungar Khanate, also known as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate was the last nomadic empire of Oirat origin.

Afsharid Iran is mapped in the atlas for 1734 CE – 1756 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 3,458,882 km².

The Safavid dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Safavid Iran, and one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736.

The Kazakh Khanate, also known as the Kazakh Khanates or Qazaq Khanate was a nomadic state in Central Asia that existed from c.

The Tümed are a Mongol subgroup. Tümed Mongols mainly live in the region around the city of Hohhot, such as Tumed Left Banner and Tumed Right Banner in China.

The Later Jin, officially known as Jin or the Great Jin, was a Jurchen-led royal dynasty of China and a khanate ruled by the House of Aisin-Gioro in Manchuria, as the precursor to the Qing dynasty.

The first Saudi state, officially the Emirate of Diriyah, was a polity that existed on the Arabian Peninsula between 1744 and 1818.

Greenland is an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark and is the largest of the kingdom's three constituent parts by land area, the others being Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands.

The Durrani Empire, colloquially known as the Kingdom of Afghanistan, the Afghan Empire, or the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, of the Pashtun Durrani tribe.

The Southern Ming, also known in historiography as the Later Ming, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China and a series of rump states of the Ming dynasty that came into existence following the Jiashen Incident of 1644.

The pioneer of the European Age of Discovery, establishing a 5.5M-km² maritime chain of fortresses and trading posts from Brazil to Africa, India, Malacca, and Macau.

The Hotak Empire also known as the Hotaki Empire was an Afghan dynasty founded by Ghilji Pashtuns that briefly ruled parts of Iran and Afghanistan during the 1720s.

The Shibanids or Shaybanids, more accurately known as the Abul-Khayrid-Shibanids, were a dynasty of Uzbek origin who ruled over the Khanate of Bukhara, the Khanate of Khwarezm (Khiva), and the Khanate of Sibir.

The Zand dynasty was an Iranian dynasty founded by Karim Khan Zand of the Zand tribe of the Laks who ruled over Zand Iran.

The First Toungoo Empire, also known as the Second Burmese Empire in traditional historiography, or simply the Taungoo dynasty, was the dominant power in mainland Southeast Asia in the second half of the 16th century.

Moghulistan is mapped in the atlas for 1463 CE – 1518 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,383,470 km².

The pioneering global maritime empire where the sun never set, connecting Europe, the Americas, and the Philippines across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The Sur Empire was an empire ruled by the Afghan-origin Sur dynasty in northern India for nearly 16 or 18 years, between 1538/1540 and 1556, with Sasaram serving as its capital.

The House of Oldenburg is a German dynasty whose members rule or have ruled in Denmark, Iceland, Greece, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Livonia, Schleswig, Holstein, and Oldenburg.

East Turkestan or East Turkistan is a loosely defined geographical region in the northwestern part of the People's Republic of China, on the cross roads of East and Central Asia.

The Jagiellonian dynasty, also known as the House of Jagiellon or simply the Jagiellons, was a Polish cadet branch of the Lithuanian ducal dynasty of Gediminids.

Swedish Empire is mapped in the atlas for 1612 CE – 1814 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,024,796 km².

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic, was a federative real union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795.

Eastern Moghulistan is mapped in the atlas for 1519 CE – 1686 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 938,660 km².

The Khanate of Khiva was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in the historical region of Khorezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746.

The Saadi Sultanate, also known as the Sharifian Sultanate, was a state which ruled present-day Morocco and parts of Northwest Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries.

The Four Oirats or Oirat Confederation, formerly known as the Eleuths, was the confederation of the Oirat tribes which marked the rise of the Western Mongols in the history of the Mongolian Plateau.

The Iberian Union, or the Hispanic Monarchy, describes the period from 1580 to 1640 in which the Monarchy of Spain under the Habsburg dynasty, then the personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, brought in personal union also the Kingdom of Portugal.

The Khanate of Bukhara was an Uzbek monarchy in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785, founded by the Shaybanid dynasty, a branch of the Abu'l-Khayrids.

The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.

Pro-Swedish Poland is mapped in the atlas for 1706 CE – 1712 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 758,657 km².

Habsburg Monarchy is mapped in the atlas for 1459 CE – 1805 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 752,168 km².

The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century.

The Konbaung dynasty, also known as the Third Burmese Empire (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်), was the last dynasty that ruled Burma from 1752 to 1885.

The Songhai Empire was a state located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries.

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, also known as the United Provinces, and referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation and great power that existed from 1588 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

Denmark–Norway was a 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway, the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.

The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar or Blue Sultanate was an Islamic kingdom in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia.

The Haudenosaunee Confederacy, also known as the Iroquois, is a confederacy of Iroquoian Indigenous peoples in northeast North America.

The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century.

The Khanate of Kokand was an early modern state in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia.

Vladislaus II, also known as Vladislav, Władysław, or Wladislas ;, was King of Bohemia from 1471 to 1516 and King of Hungary and King of Croatia from 1490 to 1516.

The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Edo shogunate, was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868.

The Lodi dynasty was a royal family that ruled the Sultanate of Delhi from 1451 to 1526.

Li Zicheng is mapped in the atlas for 1632 CE – 1644 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 407,378 km².

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

The Bijapur Sultanate was an early modern sultanate located in the southwestern Deccan, ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty.

The Wattasid dynasty was a ruling dynasty of Morocco.

The nawabs of Bengal were the hereditary rulers of Bengal Subah in Mughal India.

The Tahirid dynasty was a culturally Arabized, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Persian dehqan origin.

The Imams of Yemen and later also the Kings of Yemen were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam.

The Sengoku period was the period in Japanese history in which civil wars and social upheavals took place almost continuously in the 15th and 16th centuries.

The Kingdom of Prussia was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918.

New Netherland was a colony of the Dutch Republic located on the East Coast of what is now the United States.

Commonwealth of England is mapped in the atlas for 1645 CE – 1661 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 341,676 km².

Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in the southeastern Arabian Peninsula in West Asia.

Eastern Chagatai Khanate is mapped in the atlas for 1492 CE – 1511 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 302,997 km².

The Sultanate of Darfur was a pre-colonial state in present-day Sudan.

The Khoshut Khanate was a Mongol Oirat khanate based in the Tibetan Plateau from 1642 to 1717.

Western Moghulistan is mapped in the atlas for 1519 CE – 1635 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 285,072 km².

The Nalyvaiko Uprising was a Cossack rebellion against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The Wadai Sultanate or Wadai Empire (1635–1912) was an African sultanate located to the east of Lake Chad in present-day Chad and the Central African Republic.

Dutch Cape Colony is mapped in the atlas for 1653 CE – 1795 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 278,665 km².

The Jesuit missions among the Guaraní were a type of settlement for the Guaraní people in an area straddling the borders of present-day Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, known locally as the triple frontier.

Hyderabad State, also referred to as the Nizamate of Hyderabad, was a princely state in the Deccan region of south-central India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad.

The Hussain Shahi dynasty was an Arab Sayyid royal family which ruled the late medieval Sultanate of Bengal from 1494 to 1538.

New France is mapped in the atlas for 1609 CE – 1791 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 249,127 km².

The term Kingdom of Sardinia denotes the Savoyard state from 1720 to 1861.

The Malacca Sultanate was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia.

English Colonial Empire is mapped in the atlas for 1609 CE – 1779 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 227,770 km².

The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state established by Hacı I Giray existing from 1441 to 1783.

The Regency of Algiers was an early modern semi-independent Ottoman frontier province and vassal state on the Barbary Coast of North Africa from 1516 to 1830.

The Johor Sultanate was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528.

The Golconda Sultanate was an early modern sultanate located in the southeastern Deccan, ruled by the Qutb Shahi dynasty.

The khanates of the Caucasus, or, more rarely, the Azerbaijani khanates, were various administrative units in the South Caucasus governed by a hereditary or appointed ruler under the official rule of Iran.

The Mạc dynasty (1527–1677), officially Đại Việt, was a Vietnamese dynasty which ruled over a unified Vietnam between 1527 and 1540, and northern Vietnam from 1540 until 1593.

The Asante Empire, also known as the Ashanti Empire, was an Akan state that lasted from 1701 to 1902, in what is now modern-day Ghana.

The Kalmyk Khanate was an Oirat Mongol khanate on the Eurasian steppe.

Vientiane is the capital and largest city of Laos.

The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar rump state of the Golden Horde.

Luang Prabang, historically known as Xieng Thong, and alternatively spelled Luang Phabang or Louangphabang, is the capital of Luang Prabang Province in north-central Laos.

The Trịnh lords, formally titled as Viceroy of Trịnh, also known as the House of Trịnh or the Trịnh clan, were a feudal noble clan that ruled Đàng Ngoài during the Revival Lê dynasty.

The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was an early modern sultanate located in the northwestern Deccan, ruled by the Nizam Shahi dynasty.

The Gorkha Kingdom, also known as the Gorkha Confederation or the Gorkha Empire, was one of the 24 Khasa principally state or Chaubisi states, situated at the junction of the Himalayas and the Indian subcontinent.

The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom is a modern term coined by some historians to designate the realm of John Zápolya and his son John Sigismund Zápolya, who contested the claims of the House of Habsburg to rule the Kingdom of Hungary from 1526 to 1570.

The Carnatic Sultanate, also known as Carnatic State or Arcot State, was a kingdom in southern India between about 1690 and 1855, ruled by a Muslim nawab under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad, until their demise.

The Kingdom of Kartli was a late medieval and early modern monarchy in eastern Georgia, centred on the province of Kartli, with its capital at Tbilisi.

The Aceh Sultanate, officially the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam, was a sultanate centered in the modern-day province of Aceh of Indonesia.

Don Cossacks or Donians, are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don.

Brandenburg–Prussia is the historiographic denomination for the early modern realm of the Brandenburgian House of Hohenzollern between 1618 and 1701.

The Yarubid dynasty were rulers of Oman between 1624 and 1742, holding the title of Imam.

The Zaporozhian Cossacks or Zaporizhian Cossacks, also known as the Zaporozhian Cossack Army or the Zaporozhian Host, were Cossacks who lived beyond the Dnieper Rapids.

Kapisa is mapped in the atlas for 1475 CE – 1506 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 116,849 km².

The Nawab of Awadh or Nawab of Oudh was the title of the rulers of Kingdom of Awadh in northern India during the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Lunda Empire or Lunda Commonwealth was a confederation or commonwealth of states in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, north-eastern Angola, and north-western Zambia.

The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state ruled by Hungarian princes.

The pioneering global maritime empire where the sun never set, connecting Europe, the Americas, and the Philippines across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The Sultanate of Maguindanao was a Sunni Muslim sultanate that ruled parts of the island of Mindanao, in the southern Philippines, especially in modern-day Maguindanao provinces, Soccsksargen, Zamboanga Peninsula and Davao Region.

The Ségou Empire was one of the largest states of West Africa in the 18th century.

The Nguyễn lords, also known as the Nguyễn clan, were Nguyễn dynasty's forerunner and a feudal noble clan ruling southern Đại Việt in the Revival Lê dynasty.

The Portuguese Empire was the first and longest lasting of the European colonial empires.

Sloboda Ukraine, also known locally as Slobozhanshchyna or Slobozhanshchina, is a historical region in northeastern Ukraine and southwestern Russia.

The Kingdom of Mysore was a geopolitical realm in southern India founded in around 1399 in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Mysuru.

The Beylik of Tunis was the legal form of present-day Tunisia, between 1705 and 1881.

The Oyo Empire was a Yoruba empire in West Africa.

The Adal Sultanate, also known as the Adal Empire or Barr Saʿad dīn, was a medieval Sunni Muslim empire which was located in the Horn of Africa.

Cambodia is mapped in the atlas for 1700 CE – 1802 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 85,545 km².

The Karamanli dynasty was an autonomous dynasty that ruled Ottoman Tripolitania from 1711 to 1835.

The Banten Sultanate was a Bantenese Islamic trading kingdom founded in the 16th century and centred in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English name of both was Bantam.

The Berar Sultanate was an early modern sultanate located in the Deccan, ruled by the Imad Shahi dynasty.

The Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam was an early modern polity and sultanate located in the southern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, located in the Eastern Himalayas, bordering China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast.

Sultanate of Sulu is mapped in the atlas for 1459 CE – 1879 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 68,286 km².

The House of Savoy is a royal house that was established in 1003 in the historical region of Savoy, which was originally part of the Kingdom of Burgundy and now lies mostly within southeastern France.

The Principality of Upper Hungary was a short-lived vassal state of the Ottoman Empire ruled by Emeric Thököly.

The Sultanate of Mataram was an early modern state based on the island of Java that lasted from the late 16th century to the 18th century.

The Bidar Sultanate was an early modern sultanate located in the central Deccan, ruled by the Barid Shahi dynasty.

Confederate Ireland, also referred to as the Irish Catholic Confederation, was a period of Irish Catholic self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the Eleven Years' War.

The pioneer of the European Age of Discovery, establishing a 5.5M-km² maritime chain of fortresses and trading posts from Brazil to Africa, India, Malacca, and Macau.

The Lanna Kingdom, also spelled Lan Na, was a kingdom centered in present-day Northern Thailand which existed from the 13th to 18th centuries.

The Madurai Nayaks were a Telugu-speaking dynasty of Kamma origin that ruled large parts of modern-day Tamil Nadu, India, between the 16th and 18th centuries, with Madurai as their capital.

The Electorate of Hanover was an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire located in northwestern Germany that arose from the Principality of Calenberg.

The Demak Sultanate was a Javanese Muslim state located on Java's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day city of Demak.

The Lontara script, also known as the Bugis script, Bugis-Makassar script, or Urupu Sulapa’ Eppa’ "four-cornered letters", is one of Indonesia's traditional scripts developed in the South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi region.

Dutch Ceylon was a governorate established in present-day Sri Lanka by the Dutch East India Company.

The Samtskhe-Saatabago or Samtskhe Atabegate, also called the Principality of Samtskhe, was a Georgian feudal principality in Zemo Kartli, ruled by an atabeg (tutor) of Georgia for nearly three and a half centuries, between 1268 and 1625.

Kingdom of Champasak is mapped in the atlas for 1709 CE – 1894 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 42,150 km².

Sultanate of Banjar is mapped in the atlas for 1526 CE – 1859 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 39,178 km².

The Union of Utrecht was an alliance based on an agreement concluded on 23 January 1579 between a number of Dutch provinces and cities, to reach a joint commitment against the king, Philip II of Spain.

Duchy of Prussia is mapped in the atlas for 1526 CE – 1618 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 38,518 km².

Portuguese Africa is mapped in the atlas for 1507 CE – 1581 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 35,685 km².

Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

The Itza are a Maya ethnic group. They are descendants of the Chanes from the Chontal region of Tabasco.

The Sultanate of Cirebon was an Islamic sultanate in West Java founded in the 15th century.

The Golden Ambrosian Republic was a short-lived republic founded in Milan by members of the University of Pavia with popular support, during the first phase of the Milanese War of Succession.

Duchy of Courland is mapped in the atlas for 1734 CE – 1793 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 28,201 km².

The Blambangan Kingdom was the last Javanese Hindu kingdom that flourished between the 15th and 18th centuries, based in the eastern corner of Java.

The Jambi Sultanate, alternatively known as Djambi, was a sultanate that was centered in the modern-day province of Jambi in Indonesia.

The Qasim Khanate, also known as the Tsardom of Kasimov, was a Tatar-ruled khanate which existed from 1452 until 1681 in the territory of the Russian state.

Sikhs are followers of Sikhism, a religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the teachings of Guru Nanak.

The Sultan of Perak is the constitutional monarch and head of state of the Malaysian state of Perak.

The Kingdom of Kakheti was a late medieval and early modern monarchy in eastern Georgia, centered at the province of Kakheti, with its capital first at Gremi and then at Telavi.

The Bali Kingdom was a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia.

The Sultanate of Bulungan was a former independent sultanate and later a special territory of Indonesia located in the then existing Bulungan Regency in the east of the island of Borneo.

Patani, or the Sultanate of Patani was a Malay sultanate in the historical Patani Region.

The Prome kingdom also known as Pyay kingdom was a kingdom that existed for six decades between 1482 and 1542 in present-day central Burma (Myanmar).

French India, formally the Établissements français dans l'Inde, was a French colony comprising five geographically separated enclaves on the Indian subcontinent that had initially been factories of the French East India Company.

Ryazan is the largest city and the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia.

Dutch Gold Coast is mapped in the atlas for 1653 CE – 1872 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 15,701 km².

The Thanjavur Nayak Dynasty, established by Sevappa Nayaka around 1532, was a ruling lineage that governed Thanjavur between 16th and 17th centuries.

The formidable Hindu warrior confederacy founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj that rolled back Mughal hegemony and ruled over two-thirds of the Indian subcontinent.

The Sultan of Terengganu is the title of the constitutional head of Terengganu state in Malaysia.

The Principality of Mingrelia, also known as Odishi and as Samegrelo, was a historical state in Georgia ruled by the Dadiani dynasty.

France Antarctique was a French colony in Rio de Janeiro, in modern-day Brazil, which existed between 1555 and 1567, and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio.

Sultan of Selangor is the title of the constitutional ruler of Selangor, Malaysia who is the head of state and head of the Islamic religion in Selangor.

The Kingdom of Imereti was a Georgian monarchy established in 1463 by a member of the house of Bagrationi when the Kingdom of Georgia was dissolved into rival kingdoms.

Tanjungpura Kingdom was an eighth century Malay kingdom located along the southwestern coast of Borneo facing the Java Sea, a region that today corresponds to the Ketapang Regency of West Kalimantan province of Indonesia.

The Sultanate of Bima, officially known as The Settlements and Lands of Mbojo, alternatively the Kingdom of Bima, was a Muslim state in the eastern part of Sumbawa in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day regency of Bima.

The Principality of Abkhazia emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th–16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia that concluded with the dissolution of the unified Georgian monarchy.

Bali is an Indonesian island and province and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands.

Kutai is a historical region in what is now the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo.

Kutai is a historical region in what is now the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo.

Cebu, also called Sugbu, informally referred to as the Rajahnate of Cebu, was an Indianized mandala (polity) monarchy on the island of Cebu in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.

The Sultanate of Sambas was a traditional Malay state on the Western coast of the island of Borneo, in modern-day Indonesia.

The Principality of Guria was a historical state in Georgia.

Maynila, also known commonly as Manila and as the Kingdom of Maynila, was a major Tagalog bayan situated along the modern-day district of Intramuros in the city of Manila, at the southern bank of the Pasig River.

Hamengkubuwono is the current ruling royal house of the Yogyakarta Sultanate in the Special Region of Yogyakarta of Indonesia.

Surakarta Sunanate is a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of Surakarta, in the province of Central Java, Indonesia.

The Mempawah Kingdom also known as the Mempawah Sultanate, was a Malay-Dayak kingdom located in a territory now known as the Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

New Sweden was a colony of the Swedish Empire between 1638 and 1655 along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in what is now Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

The Principality of Svaneti was a small principality (samtavro) in the Svaneti region of the Greater Caucasus mountains that emerged following the breakup of the Kingdom of Georgia in the late 15th century.

The Duchy of Saint Sava was a late medieval polity in southeastern Europe, that existed from 1448 up to 1482, when it was absorbed by the Ottoman Empire.

The Sultanate of Gowa was one of the great kingdoms in the history of Indonesia and the most successful kingdom in the South Sulawesi region.

Sultan is a position with several historical meanings.

The Huguenots are a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism.

The Danish Gold Coast comprised the colonies that Denmark–Norway controlled in Africa as a part of the Gold Coast, which is on the Gulf of Guinea.

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate in Western Europe.

Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein, is a doubly landlocked country in the Central European Alps.