Industrial Age Map: World Empires 1789–1914

The largest empire in human history by total land area, governing over 450 million subjects across all six inhabited continents as "the empire on which the sun never sets."

The colossal northern Eurasian land superpower spanning across Eastern Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, and Alaska across three continents.

The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from its formation in 1922 until its dissolution in 1991.

Russian Republic is mapped in the atlas for 1917 CE – 1919 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 22,278,223 km².

Republics of the Soviet Union is mapped in the atlas for 1920 CE – 1921 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 21,477,746 km².

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country in Eastern Europe and North Asia.

The colossal northern Eurasian land superpower spanning across Eastern Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, and Alaska across three continents.

The largest empire in human history by total land area, governing over 450 million subjects across all six inhabited continents as "the empire on which the sun never sets."

The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution of 13 October 1946.

The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.

The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

Vichy France, also known as the Pétainist regime and Pétainist France, officially the French State, was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of German victory in the Battle of France.

The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.

The French Fifth Republic is France's current republican system of government.

The Scramble for Africa was the invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers, which were driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the era of "New Imperialism".

Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the second-largest country by total area, with the longest coastline of any country.

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America.

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America.

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America.

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America.

The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828.

The Republic of China established its governance over mainland China on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and ended China's imperial history.

The Empire of China, also known in historiography as the Hongxian regime in certain contexts, was a short-lived attempt by Chinese president Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate the monarchy in China, with himself as emperor.

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.

The Kuomintang (KMT) is a major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan).

The Empire of Japan , also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the period of Japanese history spanning 79 years, starting with the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868, and ending with ratification of the Constitution of Japan on 3 May 1947.

The British Raj was the period of rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent, lasting from 1858 to 1947.

Gran Colombia, also known as Greater Colombia and officially the Republic of Colombia, was the Colombian state that encompassed much of northern South America and parts of Central America from 1819 to 1831.

The Mexican Empire was a constitutional monarchy and the first independent government of Mexico.

The Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, was an archipelagic country from 1795 to 1893, which eventually encompassed all of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands.

The Italian colonial empire, sometimes known as the Italian Empire, was a colonial empire that existed between 1882 and 1943; an Italian colony was revived in 1950 as a UN trust territory under Italy's administration and lasted until 1960.

Nazi Germany, officially the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

The Peru–Bolivian Confederation was a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839.

The First Mexican Republic, known also as the First Federal Republic, existed from 1824 to 1835.

India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia.

The Khedivate of Egypt was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire established and ruled by members of the dynasty of Muhammad Ali.

The Argentine Confederation was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35.

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the far south of South America.

The Communist Party of China (CPC), commonly known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and sole governing party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Muhammad Ali dynasty is mapped in the atlas for 1805 CE – 1865 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 2,689,225 km².

East Africa Protectorate was a British protectorate in the African Great Lakes, occupying roughly the same area as present-day Kenya, from the Indian Ocean inland to the border with Uganda in the west part.

Germany colonized Africa during two distinct periods.

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country situated primarily in Central Asia, with a portion of its territory extending into Eastern Europe.

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.

Free France was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic during World War II.

The Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960.

The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad Ahmad against the Khedivate of Egypt, which had ruled Sudan since 1821.

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo, and formerly named Zaire, is a country in Central Africa.

Zaire, officially the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965 to 1971 and the Republic of Zaire from 1971 to 1997, was the Congolese state in Central Africa headed by Mobutu Sese Seko from 1965 to 1997.

Denmark is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

The Estado Novo was the corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933.

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in Southwestern Europe.

Centralist Mexico is mapped in the atlas for 1836 CE – 1847 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 2,144,956 km².

The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

The Dutch East Indies was a colony of the Dutch Empire, established in 1800 when the Batavian Republic took control of the Dutch East India Company.

The Second Mexican Empire, officially known as the Mexican Empire, was a constitutional monarchy established in Mexico by Mexican monarchists with the support of the Second French Empire.

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America.

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia that occupies the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America.

The Qajar dynasty is a formerly aristocratic Iranian dynasty that gained prominence with the rise of Shahverdi Sultan in the early 16th century as heads of the Turkoman Qajar tribe of the Qizilbash confederacy.

The Confederate States of America (CSA), also known as the Confederate States or the Confederacy, was a republic in the Southern United States from 1861 to 1865, unrecognized as a sovereign nation by either foreign governments or the United States.

The Río de la Plata, also called the River Plate or La Plata River in English, is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River at Punta Gorda.

The third Saudi state is the current Saudi state and successor to the two earlier states: the first and the second, founded by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman, who managed to capture the city of Riyadh on January 13, 1902.

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and historically known as Persia, is a country in West Asia.

The Pahlavi dynasty was an Iranian royal dynasty that was the last to rule Iran before the country's monarchy was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état.

The Kingdom of Libya, known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa.

Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was the Mongolian communist state that existed from 1924 to 1992 that self-designated first as a people's democratic state and later as a socialist state.

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia.

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.

The Mali Federation was a federation in West Africa that linked the French colonies of Senegal and the Sudanese Republic for two months in 1960.

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany or the Second Reich, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when Germany changed its form of government to a republic.

The Republic of New Granada was a centralist unitary republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil that existed from 1831 to 1858.

New Granada is mapped in the atlas for 1811 CE – 1821 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,341,011 km².

The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.

Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa.

Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the western coast of Southern Africa.

Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE), is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.

The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.

The Granadine Confederation was a short-lived federal republic established in 1858 as a result of a constitutional change replacing the Republic of New Granada.

The United States of Colombia was the name adopted in 1863 by the Constitución de Rionegro for the Granadine Confederation, after years of civil war.

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country located in South America, with insular regions in North America.

The United Arab Republic was a country and sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 to 1971.

The Colony of the Gold Coast was a British Crown colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa from 1821 until its independence as Ghana in 1957.

Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa.

The second Saudi state, officially known as the Emirate of Najd, was a state that existed between 1824 and 1891 in the Najd region of what is now Saudi Arabia.

Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in the Maghreb region of West Africa.

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula.

Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula.

Kingdom of Egypt is mapped in the atlas for 1922 CE – 1952 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 1,007,437 km².

The largest empire in human history by total land area, governing over 450 million subjects across all six inhabited continents as "the empire on which the sun never sets."

The Spanish Republic, historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic, was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874.

The Cape Colony, also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope.

Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and various islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire and officially as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, was a multi-national empire in Central Europe under a constitutional dual monarchy that existed between 1867 and 1918.

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south.

Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as the Regency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912.

Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region.

Emirate of Afghanistan is mapped in the atlas for 1828 CE – 1925 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 884,155 km².

The French Second Republic, officially the French Republic, was the second republican formation of the government of France.

The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814 and 1815.

Francoist Spain is mapped in the atlas for 1939 CE – 1975 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 854,238 km².

The Spanish Republic, commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic, was the democratic government of Spain from 1931 to 1939.

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa.

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the Southern Cone of southwestern South America.

The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway is mapped in the atlas for 1815 CE – 1904 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 804,282 km².

The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.

The Sokoto Caliphate, also known as the Sultanate of Sokoto, was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa.

Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also referred to as Burma, is a country in northwest Southeast Asia.

The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.

Mozambique is mapped in the atlas for 1976 CE – 2024 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 784,529 km².

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

The Directory was the system of government established by the French Constitution of 1795.

Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.

Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also referred to as Burma, is a country in northwest Southeast Asia.

The Consulate was the top-level government of the First French Republic from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 until the start of the French Empire on 18 May 1804.

The Emirate of Jabal Shammar, also known as the Emirate of Haʾil, was a historical emirate in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula, centred on Ha'il in Najd.

The Rattanakosin Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Siam after 1855, refers to the Siamese kingdom between 1782 and 1932.

The Durrani dynasty, also called the Sadozai dynasty, was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan.

In the history of France, the French Republic, retroactively referred to as the First Republic and sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution.

Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa.

The Kingdom of Afghanistan, also known as the Sublime State of Afghanistan, was a monarchy operating under a unitary state in Central Asia that was established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan.

The Republic of Afghanistan, also known as the Republican State of Afghanistan, was the first republic in Afghanistan.

Mujahideen or mujahidin, is the plural form of mujahid, an Arabic term that broadly refers to people who engage in jihad, interpreted in a jurisprudence of Islam as the fight on behalf of God, religion or the community (ummah).

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and South Asia.

The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa.

Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country in the Indian Ocean that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands.

South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa.

The Federal League, also known as the League of the Free Peoples, was a short lived confederation of provinces located in South America.

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast.

Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa.

Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.

Taliban is mapped in the atlas for 1996 CE – 2005 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 560,314 km².

Anti-Kuomintang Coalition is mapped in the atlas for 1930 CE – 1931 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 556,635 km².

The Hashemite Arab Federation was a short-lived confederation that lasted from 14 February to 2 August 1958, between the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan.

Talpur Dynasty is mapped in the atlas for 1820 CE – 1894 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 535,464 km².

The Ukrainian State was the official name of Ukraine used between 29 April and 14 December 1918, following the deposition of the Central Rada of Ukrainian People's Republic.

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, and formerly known as Siam, is a country located in Mainland Southeast Asia.

Papua New Guinea is mapped in the atlas for 1946 CE – 2024 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 483,568 km².

The Weimar Republic was a historical period of the German state from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history.

Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa.

Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia.

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country comprising the western and northernmost parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, the remote Arctic island Jan Mayen and the archipelago Svalbard.

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia.

The North German Confederation was a confederated state that united the region of Germany north of the Main river from July 1867 to December 1870.

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe from 1815 to 1866.

The Federal Republic of Central America, initially known as the United Provinces of Central America, was a sovereign state in Central America that existed between 1823 and 1839/1841.

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia.

The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz was a state in the Hejaz region of Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty.

The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was the Iraqi state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958.

The Kingdom of Imerina, also known as the Kingdom of Madagascar or the Kingdom of Merina, was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 18th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar.

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a sovereign, doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland, it is bordered to the west by the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk in the north, and the East China Sea in the south.

The Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873), also known as the Du Wenxiu Rebellion, was a rebellion of the Muslim Hui people and other ethnic groups against the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in southwestern Yunnan Province, as part of a wave of Hui-led multi-ethnic unrest.

Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country located in the central region of South America.

Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and various islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.

The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of South Asia.

Rhodesia, officially the Republic of Rhodesia from 1970 onwards, was a de facto state in Southern Africa that existed from 1965 to 1979.

Zimbabwe Rhodesia, alternatively known as Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, also informally known as Zimbabwe or Rhodesia, was a short-lived sovereign state that existed from 1 June 1979 to 18 April 1980, though it lacked international recognition.

Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east.

The Republic of Texas, or simply Texas, was a short-lived sovereign country in North America from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846.

The Second Polish Republic, officially known at the time as the Republic of Poland, was the Polish state that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939 after being established in the final stage of World War I.

The Emirate of Bukhara was an Uzbek absolute monarchy in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now parts of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Western and Central Europe.

The Thonburi Kingdom was a major Siamese kingdom which existed in Southeast Asia from 1767 to 1782, centred on the city of Thonburi, in Siam or present-day Thailand.

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, or the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (1851–1864), was a theocratic monarchy that sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty.

Malaysia is mapped in the atlas for 1963 CE – 2024 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 347,799 km².

The Republic of the Congo, also known as the Congo Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, or simply the Congo, is a country located on the western coast of Central Africa to the west of the Congo River.

The Provisional Priamurye Government or Provisional Priamur Government existed in the region of Priamurye of the Russian Far East between May 27, 1921 and June 16, 1923.

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

The Nationalist faction, also called the Rebel faction and Francoist faction, was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939.

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of Mainland Southeast Asia.

The Batavian Republic was the successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

Sultanate of Muscat and Oman is mapped in the atlas for 1900 CE – 1946 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 323,401 km².

Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa.

The South African Republic, also known as the Transvaal Republic, was a landlocked independent Boer republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it was annexed into the British Empire as a result of the Second Boer War.

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

South Yemen, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY), abbreviated to Democratic Yemen, was a country in South Arabia that existed in what is now southeast Yemen from 1967 until its unification with the Yemen Arab Republic in 1990.

Mexicans are the citizens and nationals of the United Mexican States.

The history of Qatar spans from its first duration of human occupation to its formation as a modern state.

The Kingdom of Romania was a constitutional monarchy that existed from 25 March [O.S.

The Nguyễn dynasty was the last Vietnamese dynasty, preceded by the Nguyễn lords and ruling unified Vietnam independently from 1802 until the start of the French protectorate in 1883.

The Republic of the Rio Grande is the name given in Anglo‐American newspapers, and in later histories, to a federalist revolt on the lower Rio Grande in 1838–1840.

New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

The Riograndense Republic, often called the Piratini Republic, was a de facto state that seceded from the Empire of Brazil and roughly coincided with the present state of Rio Grande do Sul.

The Commonwealth of Nations, often referred to as the British Commonwealth or simply the Commonwealth, is an international association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of its predecessor, the British Empire.

The Dutch Cape Colony, officially known as the Cape of Good Hope Waystation, was a colony of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Batavian Republic in Southern Africa.

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa.

East Turkestan or East Turkistan is a loosely defined geographical region in the northwestern part of the People's Republic of China, on the cross roads of East and Central Asia.

Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire and officially as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, was a multi-national empire in Central Europe under a constitutional dual monarchy that existed between 1867 and 1918.

Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a country on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa, lying on the equator.

Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

Confederation of the Rhine is mapped in the atlas for 1809 CE – 1814 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 258,129 km².

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, known from 1945 to 1963 as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, and commonly referred to as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe.

Yugoslavia was a country in Central Europe and the Balkans that existed from 1918 to 1992.

Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country located in West Africa.

The State of Buenos Aires was a secessionist republic resulting from the overthrow of the Argentine Confederation government in the Province of Buenos Aires on 11 September 1852.

Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa.

The Socialist Republic of Romania was a communist state that existed from 1947 to the Romanian revolution in 1989.

Romania is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe.

The Conservative Party was a political faction in Mexico between 1830 and 1867, which became a loosely organized political party after 1849.

The Korean Empire, officially the Empire of Korea or Imperial Korea in English and commonly called Taehan Cheguk in Korean, was a Korean monarchical state proclaimed in October 1897 by King Gojong of the Joseon dynasty.

Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is a country in Mainland Southeast Asia; it is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia.

The Kingdom of Laos was the former government of Laos from 1947 to 1975.

Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia.

Cundinamarca is mapped in the atlas for 1814 CE – 1814 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 223,335 km².

The Tây Sơn dynasty, officially Đại Việt (大越), was an imperial dynasty of Vietnam.

Guyana, officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern coast of South America.

French Algeria, also known as Colonial Algeria, was a colony and later an integral part of France.

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire concerning the territories of Syria and Lebanon.

Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa.

Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.

The First Hellenic Republic was the provisional Greek state during the Greek Revolution against the Ottoman Empire.

Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country of mainland West Africa, situated along the Atlantic Ocean coast.

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, formerly known as Kirghizia, is a landlocked country located in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.

The Second Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic, which had become de facto independent from the French Mandate in April 1946.

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, with sovereignty recognized in July 1954, after which it became commonly known as North Vietnam.

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, officially the Syrian Regional Branch, was a Ba'athist organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi.

Omanis are the nationals of Sultanate of Oman, located in the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.

Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Mainland Southeast Asia.

Khmer Rouge is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), and by extension to Democratic Kampuchea, which ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979.

The People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) was a partially recognised state in Southeast Asia which existed from 1979 to 1992.

Kashmir and Jammu is mapped in the atlas for 1846 CE – 1947 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 182,006 km².

North Yemen is a term used to describe the Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962), the Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990), and the regimes that preceded them and exercised sovereignty over that region of Yemen.

Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in southeastern South America.

The Republic of Vietnam, commonly known as South Vietnam, was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975.

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

The Principality of Bulgaria was a vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

The Republic of Baja California, also known in Spanish as the República de Baja California, was a proposed state from 1853 to 1854, after American private military leader William Walker failed to invade Sonora from Arizona.

The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, commonly called United Principalities or Wallachia and Moldavia, was the personal union of the Principality of Moldavia and the Principality of Wallachia.

Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

Netherlands Antilles is mapped in the atlas for 1815 CE – 2024 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 149,184 km².

Republic of Uryankhay is mapped in the atlas for 1912 CE – 1913 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 148,695 km².

The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, known from 1992 to 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and commonly referred to as Yugoslavia, was a country in Southeastern Europe.

The Duchy of Warsaw was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars.

Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country on the northern coast of South America, also considered part of the Caribbean region.

Czechoslovakia was a country in Central Europe.

Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia.

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.

Guayaquil Junta is mapped in the atlas for 1812 CE – 1813 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 139,371 km².

Malaya, officially the Federation of Malaya, was a country in Southeast Asia from 1948 to 1963.

The Sultanate of Hobyo, also known as the Sultanate of Obbia, was a 19th-century Somali Sultanate in present-day central and northeastern Somalia, and eastern Ethiopia.

The Orange Free State was a landlocked independent Boer republic in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeated and surrendered to the British Empire at the end of the Second Boer War in 1902.

Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is a country in Central America, comprising 130,370 square kilometers (50,340 sq mi).

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.

The Raj of Sarawak, Kingdom of Sarawak, or State of Sarawak, was a kingdom founded in 1841 in northwestern Borneo and was in a treaty of protection with the United Kingdom from 1888.

Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country in the Caribbean.

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country in the Caribbean.

The Greek junta or Regime of the Colonels was a right-wing military junta that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974.

The Kingdom of Greece was the Greek state established in 1832 by the Treaty of Constantinople, which formally recognised Greece as an independent state and established it as a monarchy, following the Greek War of Independence.

The Third Hellenic Republic is the period in modern Greek history that stretches from 1974, with the fall of the Greek military junta and the final confirmation of the abolition of the Greek monarchy, to the present day.

Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.

Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America.

Polish people, or Poles, are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Central Europe.

The Kingdom of Iceland was an associated state of Denmark and kingdom under a personal union that was established by the Act of Union signed on 1 December 1918.

Iceland is a Nordic island country between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Europe and North America.

The Tsardom of Bulgaria, also known as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, commonly known in English as the Kingdom of Bulgaria, or simply Bulgaria, was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October [O.S.

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeastern Europe.

The People's Republic of Bulgaria was the Bulgarian state that existed from 1946 to 1990, ruled by the Bulgarian Communist Party together with its coalition partner, the Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union.

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in northern Central America.

French Louisiana is mapped in the atlas for 1800 CE – 1804 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 107,958 km².

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia.

The Caliphate of Hamdullahi was an early 19th-century Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa centered in the Inner Niger Delta of what is now the Mopti and Ségou Regions of Mali.

The Imamate of Oman, officially the Imamate State of Oman, was several succession of states within the Oman proper in the Hajar Mountains, part of the present-day Sultanate of Oman.

Riau-Lingga Sultanate, also known as the Lingga-Riau Sultanate, Riau Sultanate or Lingga Sultanate was a Malay sultanate that existed from 1824 to 1911, before being dissolved following Dutch intervention.

Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.

Grand Duchy of Berg is mapped in the atlas for 1806 CE – 1827 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 102,879 km².

Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast.

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in Southwestern Europe.

The Independent State of Croatia was a World War II–era quasi-state.

The Imams of Yemen, later also titled the Kings of Yemen, were religiously consecrated leaders (imams) belonging to the Zaydi branch of Shia Islam.

Asir, officially the Aseer Province, is a province of Saudi Arabia in southern Arabia.

New Caledonia is a French territory consisting of a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 220 km (140 mi) southwest of Vanuatu and 1,210 km (750 mi) east of Australia.

Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa.

The Kingdom of Naples was a French client state in southern Italy that existed from 1806 to 1815.

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

The Hungarian People's Republic was the Hungarian state from 20 August 1949 until the establishment of the current Republic of Hungary on 23 October 1989.

The Majeerteen Sultanate, or Majerteen Kingdom also known as Majeerteenia and/or Migiurtinia, was a Somali kingdom centered in the Horn of Africa.

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was a kingdom in Southern Italy from 1816 to 1861 under the control of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, a cadet branch of the Bourbons.

Serbs, are a South Slavic ethnic group and nation who share a common Serbian ancestry, culture, history, and language.

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia.

The Kingdom of Bavaria was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918.

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a landlocked country at the boundary of Western Asia and Eastern Europe.

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states.

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

The First Empire of Haiti, officially known as the Empire of Haiti, was an elective monarchy in North America.

Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country located at the southern end of Central America in North America, bordering South America.

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a landlocked country at the boundary of Western Asia and Eastern Europe.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), also known simply as the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, situated at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula.

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe.

The Irish Free State, also known by its Irish name Saorstát Éireann, was the Irish state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921, initially as a Dominion.

Éire is the Irish language name for "Ireland".

Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the west coast of West Africa.

Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia.

Trucial States is mapped in the atlas for 1820 CE – 1894 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 73,472 km².

Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in the eastern part of Arabian Peninsula in West Asia.

Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of northern Europe.

Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

Chiang Mai is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the second-largest city in Thailand by urban population.

The Sikh Confederacy was a confederation of twelve sovereign Sikh states which rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.

The Kingdom of Lithuania was a sovereign state that existed from 17 July 1251 until the death of the first crowned king of Lithuania, Mindaugas, on 12 September 1263.

The Natalia Republic was a short-lived Boer republic founded in 1839 after a Voortrekker victory against the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River.

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2011.

Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country located in West Africa.

Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America.

The Dominican Republic is an island country on the eastern part of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean Sea in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea.

Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to as Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe.

The Land Forces are the ground forces of the Polish Armed Forces.

Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

The Kingdom of Westphalia was a client state of France in present-day Germany that existed from 1807 to 1813.

The Cisalpine Republic was a sister republic of France in Northern Italy that existed from 1797 to 1799, with a second version until 1802.

Bessarabia is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian highlands of West Asia.

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian highlands of West Asia.

The Pahang Sultanate also referred as the Old Pahang Sultanate, as opposed to the modern Pahang Sultanate, was a Malay Muslim state established in the eastern Malay Peninsula in the 15th century.

The Helvetic Republic was a sister republic of France that existed between 1798 and 1803, during the French Revolutionary Wars.

The Communist Party of China (CPC), commonly known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and sole governing party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

The Kingdom of Hanover was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era.

The Caucasian Imamate, also known as the North Caucasian Imamate, was a state founded by Muslim imams in the early-to-mid 19th century across Dagestan and Chechnya.

Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons, is an archipelagic country consisting of six major islands and over 1,000 smaller islands in Melanesia, Oceania, to the north-east of Australia.

The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands was a short-lived sovereign principality and the precursor of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which it was reunited with the Southern Netherlands in 1815.

The State of Los Altos, commonly known as Los Altos, was the 6th state of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1838 to 1840 and a short-lived independent republic from 1848 to 1849.

This is a list of factions in the Mexican Revolution.

The Kingdom of Saxony was a German monarchy in Central Europe between 1806 and 1918, the successor of the Electorate of Saxony.

The Yugoslav Partisans, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.

Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 2,080,000.

Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.

Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas.

Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas.

The Roman Republic was a sister republic of the First French Republic that existed from 1798 to 1799.

British Ceylon refers to the imperial possessions of the United Kingdom in the island of Ceylon, present-day Sri Lanka, between 1796 and 4 February 1948.

Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa and the only Spanish-speaking country in Africa.

The People's Republic of Zanzibar was a short-lived African state founded in 1964, consisting of the islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago.

The Vermont Republic, officially known at the time as the State of Vermont, was a de facto, unrecognized independent state in New England that existed from January 15, 1777, to March 4, 1791.

Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe.

Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe.

The People's Socialist Republic of Albania was the communist state that existed in Albania from 11 January 1946 to 29 April 1991.

Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, with an area of 33,843 km2 (13,067 sq mi) and a population of 2.38 million.

The Mosquito Coast is an area along the coast of eastern Nicaragua and southeastern Honduras.

Zululand is mapped in the atlas for 1820 CE – 1897 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 26,018 km².

Rwanda, officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in East Africa.

North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Europe.

The Hawaiian Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, was an archipelagic country from 1795 to 1893, which eventually encompassed all of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands.

The Republic of Hawaii was a short-lived one-party state in Hawaiʻi between July 4, 1894, when the Provisional Government of Hawaii had ended, and August 12, 1898, when it became annexed by the United States as an unincorporated and unorganized territory.

Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country in East Africa.

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy located in Central Italy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence.

Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia.

The Kingdom of Etruria was an Italian kingdom between 1801 and 1807 that made up a large part of modern Tuscany.

Belize is a country on the north-eastern coast of Central America.

Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east.

Italian nationalism is a movement which believes that the Italians are a nation with a single homogeneous identity, and therefrom seeks to promote the cultural unity of Italy as a country.

El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a sovereign nation in Central America.

The Kingdom of Fiji, also known as the Kingdom of Viti, was a short-lived monarchy in Fiji.

Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an archipelagic country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean.

The British Overseas Territories (BOTs) are fourteen dependent territories of the United Kingdom (UK) that lie outside the British Islands.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine was a grand duchy in western Germany that existed from 1806 to 1918.

The Duchy of Holstein was the northernmost state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe.

French Guiana, also known by its French name Guyane or Guyane française, is an overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies.

The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an archipelagic country in the Caribbean located within the Lucayan Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.

Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia.

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe.

The Republic of Baden was a German state during the Weimar Republic.

Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia.

Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia.

Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in West Asia.

Eswatini, formally the Kingdom of Eswatini, also known by its former official names Swaziland and the Kingdom of Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.

Eswatini, formally the Kingdom of Eswatini, also known by its former official names Swaziland and the Kingdom of Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.

Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula.

The Kingdom of Württemberg was a German state that existed from 1806 to 1918, occupying territory in what is now the southern German federal state of Baden-Württemberg.

New Hebrides, named after the Hebrides in Scotland by Captain James Cook in 1774, was the colonial name for the island group in the South Pacific Ocean that is now Vanuatu.

Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu, is an archipelagic country in Melanesia located in the South Pacific Ocean.

The Duchy of Nassau was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what became the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse.

The California Republic, commonly known as the Bear Flag Republic, was a short-lived unrecognized breakaway state from Mexico, that existed from June 14 to July 9, 1846.

The Grand Duchy of Baden was a German polity on the east bank of the Rhine.

Electorate of Hesse is mapped in the atlas for 1803 CE – 1867 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 13,815 km².

Sultanate of Sambaliung is mapped in the atlas for 1830 CE – 1848 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 13,415 km².

Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean, covering 10,991 square kilometres (4,244 sq mi).

Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia.

Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia.

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, located off the coast of the Levant mainland in West Asia.

The Duchy of Mecklenburg was a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire, located in the region of Mecklenburg.

Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Europe with partial diplomatic recognition.

The Corsican Republic was a short-lived state on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa.

The Nieuwe Republiek was a small Boer republic which existed from 1884 to 1888 in present-day South Africa.

The Electorate of Württemberg was a short-lived state of the Holy Roman Empire on the right bank of the Rhine.

Lebanon, officially the Lebanese Republic, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.

The Grand Duchy of Würzburg was a German grand duchy centered on Würzburg existing in the Napoleonic era.

The Republic of the Rif was a confederate republic in the Rif, Morocco, that existed between 1921 and 1926.

Cape Verde, also referred to in English by its Portuguese name Cabo Verde, and known officially as the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelagic country in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of West Africa.

The Electorate of Salzburg was an electoral principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from 1803 to 1805.

Kelantan is a state in Malaysia. The capital, Kota Bharu, includes the royal seat of Kubang Kerian.

The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was an Italian state created in 1545 and located in northern Italy, in the current region of Emilia-Romagna.

The Electorate of Baden was a State of the Holy Roman Empire from 1803 to 1806.

The Duchy of Modena and Reggio was an Italian state created in 1452 located in Northwestern Italy, in the present-day region of Emilia-Romagna.

The Cispadane Republic was a short-lived client republic located in northern Italy, founded in 1796 with the protection of the French army, led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

The Russian-occupied territories refers to Russia's military occupations in several other post-Soviet states since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The Principality of Regensburg was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire that was created in 1803.

Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost archipelagic country in the Caribbean, comprising the main islands of Trinidad and Tobago, along with several smaller islets.

Negeri Sembilan, historically spelled as Negri Sembilan and also known by the shorthand N9, is a state in Malaysia which lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

The Cretan State was an autonomous state governing the island of Crete from 1898 to 1913, under de jure suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire but with de facto independence secured by European Great Powers.

Palestinians are an Arab national group native to the region of Palestine, descended from those who have inhabited the area over the millennia.

The Free City of Danzig was a city-state under the protection and oversight of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas.

The Duchy of Oldenburg, named for its capital, the town of Oldenburg, was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany.

The Duchy of Brunswick was a historical German state that ceased to exist in 1918.

Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state comprising the northern third of the island of Cyprus.

The Sultanate of Zanzibar, also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in existence between 1856 and 1964.

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was a German state, created as a duchy in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been in personal union since 1741.

The Pontianak Kadriyah Sultanate was a Arab-Malay state that existed on the western coast of the island of Borneo from the late 18th century until its disestablishment in 1950.

The Ligurian Republic or Republic of Liguria was a French client republic formed by Napoleon on 14 June 1797.

Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone.

Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine line of the House of Wettin, located in the southwest of the present-day German state of Thuringia.

Saxe-Altenburg was one of the Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin in present-day Thuringia.

The Principality of Reuss-Gera, officially called the Principality of Reuss Junior Line after 1848, was a sovereign state in modern Germany, ruled by members of the House of Reuss.

The Communist Party of Cuba is the sole ruling party of Cuba.

The Septinsular Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Islands, was an oligarchic republic that existed from 1800 to 1807 under nominal Russian and Ottoman sovereignty in the Ionian Islands.

Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was an Ernestine duchy in Thuringia ruled by a branch of the House of Wettin, consisting of territories in the present-day states of Thuringia and Bavaria in Germany.

The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a German city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein.

Mauritius, officially the Republic of Mauritius, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, located about 1,100 nautical miles off the southeastern coast of Africa, east of Madagascar.

Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe.

Danish India was the name given to the forts and factories of Denmark–Norway in the Indian subcontinent, forming part of the Danish overseas colonies.

Perlis is a state of Malaysia on the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

The Duchy of Anhalt was a historical German duchy.

Kamerun was a Central African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon.

The Free City of Cracow, also known as the Republic of Cracow, and officially the Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow and its District, was a nominally independent city-state that existed from 1815 to 1846.

The House of Khalifa is the ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain.

São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, is an island country in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa.

Hamburg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and sixth-largest city in the European Union, with a population of over 1.9 million.

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was a principality in southwestern Germany.

Dominica officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Caribbean.

The House of Schwarzburg was one of the oldest noble families of Thuringia, which is located in modern-day Central Germany.

The County of Waldeck was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929.

Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in the eastern part of Arabian Peninsula in West Asia.

Lippe was a state in Germany, ruled by the House of Lippe.

Saint Lucia is an island country in the eastern and southern Caribbean.

Barbados is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea.

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country in Southeast Asia.

Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an island country located in the Micronesia subregion of Oceania in the western Pacific Ocean.

Antigua and Barbuda is an archipelagic country in the Caribbean composed of Antigua, Barbuda, and dozens of other small islands.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, sometimes known simply as Saint Vincent, is an archipelagic country in the eastern Caribbean.

For most of its 1,200 year history, Bremen was an independent city within the confederal jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire.

Saint Kitts, also known as Saint Christopher, is an island in the West Indies.

Grenada is an archipelagic country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea.

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country located in the central Mediterranean Sea.

Micronesia is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of approximately 2,000 small islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.

The second largest colonial empire of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning 11.5 million km² across West and Equatorial Africa, Indochina, and the Maghreb.

Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees in southwestern Europe, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south.

Tangier International Zone is mapped in the atlas for 1912 CE – 1957 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 275 km².

Seychelles, officially the Republic of Seychelles, is an archipelagic country consisting of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean.

The Principality of Lichtenberg on the Nahe River was an exclave of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld from 1816 to 1826 and the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1826 to 1834, when it was sold to the Kingdom of Prussia.

Frankfurt was a major city of the Holy Roman Empire, serving as the seat of imperial elections since 885 and as the site of imperial coronations from 1562 until 1792.

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate in Western Europe.

The Gaza Strip is governed by Hamas which assumed control of the territory on 11 June 2007 after seizing it from the rival Fatah-controlled Palestinian Authority (PA).

San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, is a landlocked country in Southern Europe, completely surrounded by Italy.