Sultanates of the Malay World: Map & History

The nobat musical instruments of Nagara and Nepiri were introduced to Kedah by Maharaja Derbar Raja. The instrument is also called semambu. The band is led by the king, and it consists of drums, a gong, a flute and a trumpet. Today, nobat is a royal orchestra, played only during royal ceremonies such as inaugurations, weddings, and funerals. The building which houses the instruments and where the ensemble rehearses is known as the Balai Nobat, literally the Office of Nobat, in Alor Setar city proper.

From Wikipedia: Kedah Sultanate · Culture: Nobat (CC BY-SA 4.0)

After the death of Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah in 1797, the throne was given to his half brother Sultan Dziaddin Mukarram Shah II. However Sultan Dziaddin was forced to abdicate in 1803 by the King of Siam and was replaced by his nephew Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin II. This sparked a succession crisis as crown prince, Tunku Bisnu claimed to be the rightful heir to the throne. Fearing civil war, Siam reconciled the two parties by appointing Tunku Bisnu as ruler of Setul, thus establishing the Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara in 1808.

From Wikipedia: Kedah Sultanate · History: Partition of Kedah and Siamese vassalage (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The rising power of the nearby Sultanate of Sulu occurred due to infighting between Bruneian nobles and the king. Brunei eventually lost its authority over the Bajaus and lapsed into a collection of riverine territories ruled by semi-autonomous chiefs. By the end of 17th century, Brunei entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. By 1725, Brunei had many of its supply routes to the Sultanate of Sulu. However despite all of this pressure against them, they were not a state of decline like that of the Ottomans as the Sultans of Sulu still paid tribute, with Brunei humiliating the Sulu in the Apostate War which lasted to 1769 until 1790. True collapse only happened in 1836 when the Bau region ruled Pengiran Indera Mahkota was in full revolt.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Brunei (1368–1888) · History: Decline (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The founding of Malacca is generally taken to be c. 1400. The region was dominated by the Srivijaya empire centered on Palembang in Sumatra until it was weakened by the Chola Empire in the 11th century. By the end of the 13th century, the Javanese Singhasari followed by the Majapahit had become dominant.

From Wikipedia: Malacca Sultanate · History: Early foundation (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Malacca had a well-defined government with a set of laws. At the top of the sultanate's hierarchy sat the Sultan who was an absolute monarch. The earlier Srivijayan concept of kingship in which the king's right to rule was based on legitimate lineage still prevailed, and with the coming of Islam, it was reintroduced with the name daulat (sovereignty). Malacca's legal codes identified four main state officials appointed by the Sultan.

From Wikipedia: Malacca Sultanate · Administration (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Malacca developed from a small settlement to a cosmopolitan Entrepôt within the span of a century. This rapid progression was attributable to several factors, key among which were its strategic location along one of the world's most important shipping lanes, the Strait of Malacca and the increasing demand for commodities from both the East and the West. Ships from the East bearing goods from China, the Ryukyu Islands, Java and the Maluku Islands would sail in by the northeast monsoon from December to January, while ships leaving for ports along Indian coastline, the Red Sea and East Africa would sail with the southwest monsoon.

From Wikipedia: Malacca Sultanate · Trade (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Whether the first ruler of Malacca, Parameswara, converted to Islam is unknown as there is no evidence to suggest that he had. The 16th-century Portuguese writer Tomé Pires explicitly mentioned that Parameswara was succeeded by his son, Megat Iskandar Shah who only converted to Islam at age 72. On the other hand, the Malay Annals noted that it was during the reign of the third ruler Muhammad Shah (r. 1424–1444), that the ruling class and their subjects began accepting Islam. While there are differing views on when the Islamization of Malacca actually took place, it is generally agreed that Islam was firmly established during the reign of Muzaffar Shah (r. 1445–1459).

From Wikipedia: Malacca Sultanate · Islam and Malay culture (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The Malacca Sultanate heralded the golden age of the Malay world and became an important port in the far east during the 16th century. It became so rich that Tomé Pires said "Whoever is lord of Malacca shall have his hands on the throat of Venice.". Within a span of a century, the sultanate left a lasting and important legacy, especially within Malay culture and the History of Malaysia. Malacca was the first Malay Muslim state that achieved the status of a regional maritime power. Despite the existence of earlier Muslim kingdoms such as Kedah, Samudra Pasai and Aru, which also possessed well-established ports, none of them came close in challenging Malacca's success in expanding its territory and influence in the region.

From Wikipedia: Malacca Sultanate · Legacy (CC BY-SA 4.0)

According to the story of Kidung Pamacangah and Babad Arya Tabanan it was said that a figure from Kediri named Arya Damar who was a "regent of Palembang" joined Gajah Mada, ruler of Majapahit in conquering Bali in 1343. Historian C.C. Berg thought that Arya Damar was identical to Adityawarman. The name Palembang was also mentioned in Nagarakretagama as one of the conquered lands of Majapahit. Gajah Mada also mentioned the name Palembang in Pararaton as one of the regions that he conquered.

From Wikipedia: Palembang Sultanate · History: Establishment and early records (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The Sultanate of Palembang was involved in skirmishes with the Dutch Colonial Empire and the private joint-stock companies such as the Dutch East India Company. After losing control of Palembang following a series of skirmishes and ambushes with Sultanate forces, the Dutch gave way briefly to the British installed government of Indonesia.

From Wikipedia: Palembang Sultanate · History: Conflicts Involved (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II would be removed from his position by Dutch authority and replaced by his son, Sultan Ahmad Najamuddin III, who would maintain slight political power for 4 years until his status as Sultan was revoked by Dutch officials after he had attempted to escape to the Bengkulu region. In 1821 the Dutch implemented a Bureaucracy with an appointed governor and regional heads of authority to manage assigned districts of the area. They were considered a higher power than of that of the Sultan. Islamic religious courts were not altered.

From Wikipedia: Palembang Sultanate · History: Policy changes resulting in the end of the Palembang War (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The present area of the Sultanate of Sulu was once under the influence of the Bruneian Empire before it gained its own independence in 1578. During the 13th century the people of Sulu began migrating to present-day Zamboanga and Sulu archipelago from their homelands in northeastern Mindanao. Scott (1994) writes that the Sulu are the descendants of ancient Butuanons and Surigaonons from the Rajahnate of Butuan, which was then Hindu, like pre-islamic Sulu. They moved south and established a spice trading port in Sulu. Sultan Batarah Shah Tengah, who ruled as sultan in 1600, was said to be an actual native of Butuan. The Butuanon-Surigaonon origins of the Tausugs are suggested by the relationship of their languages, as the Butuanon, Surigaonon and Tausug languages are all members of the Southern sub-family of Visayan.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Sulu · History: Pre-establishment (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Chinese who lived in Sulu ran guns across a Spanish blockade to supply the Moro datus and sultanates with weapons to fight the Spanish, who were engaging in a campaign to subjugate the Moro sultanates on Mindanao. A trade involving the Moros selling slaves and other goods in exchange for guns developed. The Chinese had entered the economy of the sultanate, taking almost total control of the sultanate's economies in Mindanao and dominating the markets. Though the sultans did not like one group of people exercising exclusive control over the economy, they did business with them.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Sulu · Economy: Weapons and slave trade (CC BY-SA 4.0)

In 1746, Sultan Azim ud-Din I, with Spanish assistance, carried out punitive expeditions around the Sebuku region against the Tidungs to reconsolidate his power in Borneo. By April 1747, the expeditions were declared a success and the chief of Tarakan declared his allegiance to Sulu. After the Sultan returned to Sulu, he brought back 50 captives who were previously under the hands of the Tidung and among them was a friar, while others were Tidung chiefs. Two of the Tidung chiefs were left in Jolo while the rest were brought to Zamboanga. Tausug traders began settling in Tarakan. However, things began to complicate after the Tidungs made a political marriage with Bulungan, placing the Tidungs also under the Sultanate of Bulungan.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Sulu · History: Conquest of Northeastern Borneo (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Among the people of the Sultanate of Sulu, nobility could be acquired only by lineage, a closed hereditary system.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Sulu · Culture: Social class system (CC BY-SA 4.0)

In 1848 and 1851, the Spanish launched attacks on Balanguingui and Jolo respectively. A peace treaty was signed on 30 April 1851 in which the sultan could only regain the capital if Sulu and its dependencies became a part of the Philippine Islands under the sovereignty of Spain. There were different understandings of this treaty; although the Spanish interpreted it as the sultan accepting Spanish sovereignty over Sulu and Tawi-Tawi, but the sultan took it as a friendly treaty amongst equals. These areas were only partially controlled by the Spanish, and their power was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements. This lasted until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish–American War.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Sulu · History: Decline under Spanish and American control (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The village of Muara Jati was in the coastal area around the port of Cirebon and was part of the Sunda Kingdom, as stated in the travel records of Prince Bujangga Manik, a Hindu Sundanese hermit who visited several Hindu sites in Java and Bali in the late 15th century or early 16th century. The border of the Sunda Kingdom in the west is the Sunda Strait and in the east is the Cipamali River (present-day kali Brebes) and Cisarayu River in Central Java. During this time, Muara Jati was located around 14 kilometres north of modern-day Cirebon. The transformation from a small Hindu coastal fishing village into a thriving Muslim port began with the rule of Ki Ageng Tapa.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Cirebon · History: Formation (CC BY-SA 4.0)

During its early formation years, the sultanate actively propagated Islam. Cirebon sent their ulamas to proselytise Islam into inland West Java. Together with Banten, they are credited for the Islamization of the Sundanese people in West Java as well as coastal Java. Because the Sultanate is located on the border of the Javanese and Sundanese cultural realms, the Sultanate of Cirebon demonstrates both aspects, reflected in its art, architecture, and language. The Sultanate of Pakungwati Palace shows the influence of Majapahit red brick masonry architecture. The styles and titles of its officials are also influenced by Javanese Mataram courtly culture.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Cirebon · Culture (CC BY-SA 4.0)

With the death of Panembahan Girilaya, Cirebon was left without a monarch. Prince Wangsakerta assumed the everyday administration, but was worried about the fate of his elder brothers being held as hostages in the Mataram court. Because of this incident, the Cirebon succession was also held hostage by Mataram, and by their own grandfather Amangkurat I. Wangsakerta went to Banten to seek Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa's help to free his brothers. The sultan was the son of Prince Abu Maali that had died in the 1650 war with Cirebon. Tirtayasa agreed to assist Cirebon and saw it as an opportunity to improve diplomatic relations between Banten and Cirebon. Taking advantage of the outbreak of the Trunojoya rebellion against Mataram, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa secretly supported the revolt and managed to save the two Cirebon princes.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Cirebon · History: First disintegration (1677) (CC BY-SA 4.0)

In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as khan, malik, amir as mere rank denominations.

From Wikipedia: Sultan · Military rank (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The epic poem the Nagarakretagama, in praise of King Rajasanagara of Majapahit, lists Makassar as one of the kingdom's tributaries in 1365.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Gowa · History: Early history (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The variety of titles used by leaders of small polities is bewildering: anrongguru, dampang, gallarrang, jannang, kare, kasuiang, lao, loqmoq, todo, and more besides. All were local titles Makassarese used before the rise of Gowa. Gowa's expansion brought some systematic order to this variety.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Gowa · Government: Political administration (CC BY-SA 4.0)

From 1630 until the early twentieth century, Gowa's political leaders and Islamic functionaries were both recruited from the ranks of the nobility. Since 1607, sultans of Makassar established a policy of welcoming all foreign traders. In 1613, an English factory built in Makassar. This began the hostilities of English-Dutch against Makassar.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Gowa · History: War against the Dutch and Bugis (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Since 1673 the area around Fort Rotterdam grew into a city currently known as Makassar. Since 1904 the Dutch colonial government had engaged in the South Sulawesi expedition and started war against small kingdoms in South Sulawesi, including Gowa. In 1911 the Sultanate lost its independence after losing the war and became one of the Dutch Indies' regencies. Following the Indonesian Independence from Netherlands in 1945, the sultanate dissolved and has since become part of the Republic of Indonesia and the former region becomes part of Gowa Regency.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Gowa · History: Dissolution of Sultanate (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The sultanate was founded by Ali Mughayat Syah, who began campaigns to extend his control over northern Sumatra and the Indonesia in 1520. His conquests included Deli, Pedir, and Pasai, and he attacked Aru. His son Alauddin al-Kahar (d. 1571) extended the domains further south into Sumatra, but was less successful in his attempts to gain a foothold across the strait, though he made several attacks on both Johor and Malacca, with the support along with men and firearms from Suleiman the Magnificent's Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire sent a relief force of 15 Xebecs commanded by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis.

From Wikipedia: Aceh Sultanate · History: Foundation, rise and trade development (CC BY-SA 4.0)

During the reign of Iskandar Muda (c.1583–1636), state centralization was carried out. This was done by removing or exterminating the present nobility and creating new ones that were friendly to the state. Besides this, the policy carried out the division of plots of land within the sultanate by mukim (similar to Christian parishes subdivisions), each of these mukims would be headed by an ulèebalang (leader) who was responsible for security. Some regions of Aceh, especially of the pepper-producing western regions, were controlled by appointed panglima (governors) whose duty was to report on events and were rotated every three years.

From Wikipedia: Aceh Sultanate · Political administration (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Aceh gained wealth from its export of pepper, nutmeg, cloves, betel nuts, and also tin once it conquered Pahang in 1617. Low-interest rates and the use of gold currency strengthened its economy. Aceh tended somehow to be fragile economically, however, because of the difficulty in providing enough surplus food to support the military and commercial adventures of the state. As Aceh lost political cohesion in the 17th century, it saw its trading importance yielded to the Dutch East India Company, who became the dominant military and economic power in the region following the successful siege of Malacca in 1641.

From Wikipedia: Aceh Sultanate · Economy (CC BY-SA 4.0)

In 1699, Sultan Badr al-alam Syarif Hasyim Jamal ad-din ascended to the throne, the first male to rule in almost 60 years. He was succeeded by several short-lived rulers, and in 1727 a member of the Buginese dynasty, Sultan Ala ad-din Ahmad Shah took power. The coming to power of a Bugis dynasty strengthened Acehnese identity in-contrast to the Bugis of Johor, which emphasized their connections to Malay culture. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Koh Lay Huan – the first Kapitan Cina of Penang, had good contacts with the English-and-French-speaking sultan of Aceh, Jauhar al-Alam. The sultan allowed Koh to gather pepper plants in Aceh to begin pepper cultivation in Penang. Later, about 1819, Koh helped Sultan Jauhar al-Alam put down a rebellion by Acehnese territorial chiefs.

From Wikipedia: Aceh Sultanate · History: Later years and conquest by the Dutch (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Aceh (Dutch: Atchin or Acheh; English: Achin; French: Achen or Acheh; Arabic: Asyi; Portuguese: Achen or Achem; Chinese: A-tsi or Ache), now known as the province of Aceh, is thought to have a substrate (underlying layer) from the Mon-Khmer language family with other linguistic regions such as the southern part using the Aneuk Jame language, whilst the central, south-eastern and eastern parts use the Gayo language; the south-eastern part uses the Alas language; and the eastern part, further east, uses the Tamiang language. Similarly, the Kluet ethnic group in the southern part uses the Kluet language, whilst in Simeulue the Simeulue language is used; however, each of these local languages can be further subdivided into dialects. The Acehnese language, for example, is spoken with slight variations in Aceh Besar, Pidie, and North Aceh.

From Wikipedia: Aceh Sultanate · Culture: Language (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Two brothers named Mamalu and Tabunaway lived peacefully in the Cotabato Valley on Mindanao and then Sharif Kabungsuwan from Johor in what is now modern day Malaysia, preached Islam in the area in the 16th century, Tabunaway converted, while Mamalu decided to hold fast to their ancestral animist beliefs. The brothers parted ways, with Tabunaway heading to the lowlands and Mamalu to the mountains, but they vowed to honor their kinship, and thus an unwritten pact of peace between Maguindanaons and the Teduray was forged through the two brothers.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Maguindanao · History: Islamization and founding (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The people of Maguindanao are certainly known under one name, but consist of many different nations.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Maguindanao · Culture and society: Demographics (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Since the ratification of a peace treaty between Muslims and Christians in 1645 by Kudarat and Zamboanga governor Francisco de Atienza Ibañez, the following period of relative stability ushered an economic golden age as Maguindanao reopened its harbors to international trade, first based in Kudarat's capital of Simuay (present-day Sultan Mastura).

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Maguindanao · Economy (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Sultan Muhammad Kudarat, and whose name as a youth was Ullah Untong, was one of the greatest sultans who controlled Mindanao. In his island sanctuary in Sulu, he was known as Sultan Nasiruddin, and is buried there. His grandson Abd al-Rahman continued increasing the Sultanate's power and influence.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Maguindanao · History: War with Spain (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Much of the architecture of the Sultanate is described in an 1683 travel journal written by visiting English explorer and privateer William Dampier. All houses of every social standing were built on posts like elsewhere in Southeast Asia, ranging from 14 to 20 feet high. The ground floor either open-air or enclosed for varying purposes like chicken and duck coops or free space. All roofs were thatched with palm leaves.

From Wikipedia: Sultanate of Maguindanao · Culture and society: Architecture (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Prior to 1526, a settlement called Banten was situated about ten kilometres inland from the coast on the Cibanten River, in what is today a suburb of Serang town. It was known as Banten Girang, meaning "Upper Banten" owing to its location. This town previously was a native Hindu Sundanese principality that was held under the Kingdom of Sunda.

From Wikipedia: Banten Sultanate · Formation (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The desire to spread the faith of Islam was possibly one of the main reason behind Demak's decision to capture Banten in 1527, and supplant the ancient Hindu Sunda Kingdom with a new Islamic kingdom. Although, a more pragmatic reason was more possible; a geopolitical move to prevent Muslim's rival; the Catholic Christian Portuguese in Malacca to ever established their base in Java. The role of Muslim proselytizers that targeted the ruling class was also an instrumental action that contributed to the spread of Islam in Indonesian archipelago around the 15th century. At that time, Islam also benefited as being the predominant faith of the Asian merchant class, that established their trading network from the coasts of Arabia, India, all the way to Indonesia.

From Wikipedia: Banten Sultanate · Religion (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The sultanate's economy was built mainly upon its most important commodity; pepper, thus its international trade mainly consists of this product. At least since the 13th century, the Chinese record Zhu Fan Zhi mentioned that area of both sides of Sunda Strait with its main port of Sin-t'o (Sunda) – which probably refer to the port of Banten, was famous as the producer of excellent pepper. It was one of the main commodities of its predecessor, the ancient Kingdom of Sunda; and the Muslim Banten simply took over the established pepper trade of its Hindu predecessor. Indeed, it was pepper that attracted foreign traders to Banten; from Chinese, Moors, to Portuguese, Dutch, English and Danish merchants has established their export-import business in the port city.

From Wikipedia: Banten Sultanate · Economy (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Palace disputes erupted between Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa and his son and co-sovereign Sultan Haji. Sultan Ageng wished to maintain a policy of free-trade with all European powers, but his son wanted close relations with the Dutch in Batavia. Ageng's independence is shown in the letter to the Danish king mentioned above, offering to trade pepper from Banten for firearms and gunpowder.

From Wikipedia: Banten Sultanate · Later period: Civil war of father and son (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Attesting to Bantam's renown in Europe is Henry Fielding's play The Author's Farce at whose conclusion the protagonist's problems are neatly solved when he is suddenly informed that he is "The Prince of Bantam", and that as the old "King of Bantam" has died he is to inherit the throne. Fielding and his London audience clearly conceived of "Bantam" as a prosperous country of which it was a great fortune to become the monarch.

From Wikipedia: Banten Sultanate · Culture (CC BY-SA 4.0)

After the reign of Sultan Haji in the late 17th century, Banten was overshadowed by the neighboring port city of Batavia. There was much palace intrigues during the reign of Sultan Zainul Arifin (r. 1733–48) when his Arab wife Ratu Sarifa engineered a conflict between him and the crown prince which resulted in the latter being exiled and Ratu Sarifa's nephew instead being named the crown prince, however he was too young to rule. Meanwhile Zainul Arifin was showing signs of insanity and was exiled by his wife with the help of the VOC in 1748. Ratu Sarifa was now made regent and she managed to sideline many nobles and commoners alike, she teamed up with VOC in 1750 where their 800 men was defeated by Kyai Tapa, later another force of 460 was again defeated by 7,000 Banten rebels. Eventually even Ratu Sarifa and her nephew was exiled by the VOC to Edam Island and she died in 1751.

From Wikipedia: Banten Sultanate · Later period: Decline and fall of Banten (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The Johor Sultanate continued the system of administration previously practised in Malacca. The highest authority lay in the hands of the Yang di-Pertuan who was known as the sultan. The sultan was assisted by a body known as the Majlis Orang Kaya (Council of Rich Men) which was tasked with advising the sultan. Among them were the Bendahara, Temenggong, Laksamana, Shahbandar and Seri Bija Diraja. During the 18th century, the bendahara lived in Pahang and the Temenggong Johor in Teluk Belanga, Singapore. Each one managed the administration of their individual areas based on the level of authority bestowed upon them by the Sultan of Johor.

From Wikipedia: Johor Sultanate · Johor administration (CC BY-SA 4.0)

With the fall of Portuguese Malacca in 1641 and the decline of Aceh due to the growing power of the Dutch, Johor started to re-establish itself as a power along the Strait of Malacca during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III (1623–1677). Its influence extended to Pahang, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Klang and the Riau Archipelago. During the triangular war, the Jambi Sultanate emerged as a regional economic and political power in Sumatra. Initially there was an attempt of an alliance between Johor and Jambi with a promised marriage between the heir Raja Muda and daughter of the Pengeran of Jambi. However, the Raja Muda instead married the daughter of the Laksamana Abdul Jamil who, concerned about the dilution of power from such an alliance, offered his own daughter for marriage instead.

From Wikipedia: Johor Sultanate · History: Johor–Jambi wars (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The British were worried by this development and forced the 1855 treaty between Temenggong Ibrahim and Tengku Ali. In exchange for recognition as sultan, Tengku Ali agreed to "give up all of Johor". The treaty was intended to solidify the position of Temenggong Ibrahim, their key ally.

From Wikipedia: Johor Sultanate · History: End of the empire (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Sultan Mahmud II, was a person of unstable disposition. When Tun Habib was the Bendahara, he effectively shielded the people from Mahmud II's eccentricities. After Tun Habib's death he was replaced by Abdul Jalil. As the Bendahara was only a cousin, he could not rein in Mahmud II's eccentric behaviour.

From Wikipedia: Johor Sultanate · History: Bugis and Minangkabau influence (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Opu Daeng Menambun comes from the Bugis Luwu Kingdom in South Sulawesi. Opu Daeng Menambun's father named Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga traveled from Sulawesi to the countries in the Malayan Peninsula. Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga is the son of Opu La Maddusila, the first Bugis king to convert to Islam. Opu Tenrri borong Daeng Rilekke had five sons who were invited to travel to the Malayan Peninsula. The five children of Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga were Opu Daeng Menambun, Opu Daeng Parani, Opu Daeng Chelak, Opu Daeng Marewah, and Opu Daeng Kemasi. Their arrival to the Malayan Peninsula became one of the migration stages of the Bugis people that occurred in the 17th century. Opu Tendriburang Daeng Rilaga and his five sons played an important role in the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo, especially in the spread of Islam.

From Wikipedia: Mempawah Kingdom · History: Opu Daeng Menambun's reign and Islamic influence (CC BY-SA 4.0)

From early times, Sumbawa Island was divided in six kingdoms called Sumbawa (previously, they were still separate small chiefdom, which is called the Kedatuan. Such as the Kedatuan of Taliwang, the Kedatuan of Seran, and the Kedatuan of Jereweh, atc., which later united in 1648 to form the Sultanate of Sumbawa), Tambora, Dompu, Pekat, Sanggar and Bima. Of these, the last four spoke Nggahi Mbojo, the language of the Bimanese people, related to the languages of Flores and Sumba. The Hindu-Buddhist Bima Kingdom was the forerunner of the Sultanate of Bima and was probably founded around the 8th century, the exact year was 631 Saka, or 709 AD, based on the age of the Wadu Paa site, which was carved by Sang Bhima upon his first arrival in the land of Mbojo (the ancient name before it became known as Bima).. The indigenous name for the kingdom is Mbojo.

From Wikipedia: Bima Sultanate · History: Origins (CC BY-SA 4.0)

In the 7th century, there was an early reference to a Malay Kingdom based in Jambi, which was eventually absorbed into the Srivijaya empire as an independent trading community or a subject-region. An account associated the early history of the sultanate with the Islamization of Sumatra, citing that these two events roughly coincided in the fifteenth century.

From Wikipedia: Jambi Sultanate · History: Background (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The Jambian monarchy did not practice direct succession. The Sultan of Jambi and the Pangeran Ratu (ڤڠيرن راتو, meaning crown prince) were elected by representatives of Jambi's four noble families: the Kraton, Kedipan, Perban, and the Raja Ampat Puluh (Jawi: راج امڤت ڤوله, lit: forty rajas). The candidates came from the largest family: the Kraton. The matriarch's social status determined the ranking of the candidates.

From Wikipedia: Jambi Sultanate · Administration and government structure (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Jambi took advantage of the Acehnese invasion of Johor to seize Tungkal, a disputed district on the border with Johor. Despite a 1629 Johorese attempt to seek its return, Tungkal remained under Jambian sovereignty until a pro-Johorese rebellion forced them out in 1655. Eventually, it was decided that Jambi and Johor should settle their disagreements through marriage. In 1659, the Raja Muda of Johor, Raja Ibrahim, who himself was the son of a Jambi princess and a previous sultan, was married to the daughter of the Jambi sultan. Their marriage would be a happy one. During his year-long stay in Jambi, he encouraged the Sultan to break from Mataram's overlordship, which would allow Johor and Jambi to come to a long-term peace arrangement. Eventually, Jambi did break away from Mataram's overlordship in 1663/64.

From Wikipedia: Jambi Sultanate · History: Jambi-Johor War (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The conflict between Jambi and Johor caused Jambi to lose its position as a major pepper-producing port and go on the decline. In 1688, Sultan Ingalaga would be arrested and deposed by the VOC. This act split Jambi in two: Lower Jambi based in Tanah Pilih, ruled by Kiai Gede and supported by the VOC, and Upper Jambi, ruled by Pangeran Pringgabaya, under the influence of the ruler of Pagaruyung and supported by the highlanders. In 1708, an arrangement was made that Kiai Gede would relinquish his authority and cede his position to Pringgabaya, which reunified Jambi. However, the sultanate had become extremely weakened with the decline of trade. In March 1768, the Dutch settlement in Jambi would be attacked by a hundred men acting on orders from the Sultan. By 1770, they had abandoned Jambi for good.

From Wikipedia: Jambi Sultanate · History: Decline (CC BY-SA 4.0)

On 4 October 1999, the territory once belonging to the Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara, until then composing the single Kutai Regency, was divided between a reduced Kutai Regency (renamed the Kutai Kartanegara Regency on 23 March 2002), new East Kutai and West Kutai regencies, and the independent city of Bontang; on 14 December 2012 the western districts of West Kutai Regency were split off to create a separate Mahakam Ulu Regency. Each regency was and is headed by a regent (known locally as Bupati) and forms a part of East Kalimantan|East Kalimantan. Meanwhile, the position of Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara still exists and resides in the Kutai Palace (Kedaton) in Tenggarong but administratively, the governance is conducted by the regional government of the Republic of Indonesia, not the sultanate. The Sultan holds an honorary status in Kutai and is highly respected by Kutai people.

From Wikipedia: Kutai · Contemporary governance (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Raja Lumu did not succeed his father after the latter's death in 1745. Instead, his first cousin, Daeng Kemboja was appointed as the third Yang di-Pertuan Muda of Riau. In February 1756, Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johor, who assumed Selangor is still a part of his territory, offered the Dutch to mine tin ore in Selangor after helping his nephew, Raja Mahmud winning a civil war against his step-brother, Raja Alam. His action was opposed by Daeng Kemboja, Raja Tua of Klang and Raja Lumu. Raja Lumu then sought to strengthen his influence and removed Selangor from Johor empire by seeking recognition from the 16th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Mahmud Shah ibni Sultan Muhammad Shah. He was installed by Sultan Mahmud Shah as the first Sultan of Selangor in November 1766, taking the regnal name, Sultan Salehuddin Shah.

From Wikipedia: Sultan of Selangor · History: 1766–1875: Beginnings of the Selangor Sultanate (CC BY-SA 4.0)