From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
The Kingdom of Navarre, originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean, between present-day Spain and France.
The Principality of Antioch was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of Anatolia and Syria.
The California Republic, commonly known as the Bear Flag Republic, was a short-lived unrecognized breakaway state from Mexico, that existed from June 14 to July 9, 1846.
The Obotrites or Obodrites, also spelled Abodrites, were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany.
The County of Urgell is one of the historical Catalan counties, bordering on the counties of Pallars and Cerdanya.
The First Sealand dynasty (URU.KÙKI), or the 2nd Dynasty of Babylon, very speculatively c.
The Taifa of Córdoba was an Arab taifa which was ruled by the Banu Jahwar that replaced the Umayyad Caliph as the government of Córdoba and its vicinity in 1031.
Colonies in antiquity were post-Iron Age city-states founded from a mother-city or metropolis rather than from a territory-at-large.
The County of Nevers was a county in central France.
The Thanjavur Nayak Dynasty, established by Sevappa Nayaka around 1532, was a ruling lineage that governed Thanjavur between 16th and 17th centuries.
The formidable Hindu warrior confederacy founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj that rolled back Mughal hegemony and ruled over two-thirds of the Indian subcontinent.
The Kingdom of the Isles was a Norse–Gaelic kingdom comprising the Isle of Man, the Hebrides and the islands of the Clyde from the 9th to the 13th centuries.
The Sarukhanids or Sarukhanid dynasty, also known as the Principality of Saruhan and Beylik of Saruhan, was one of the Turkish Anatolian beyliks (principality), centered in Manisa.
The Kingdom of the Rugii or Rugiland was established by the Germanic Rugii in present-day Austria in the 5th century.
The Zagwe dynasty was a medieval Agaw monarchy that ruled the northern parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
The Sultan of Terengganu is the title of the constitutional head of Terengganu state in Malaysia.
Thessaly is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name.
The Grand Duchy of Baden was a German polity on the east bank of the Rhine.
Dumnonia, a Latinised name, was a Brythonic kingdom that existed in Sub-Roman Britain between the 6th century CE and the 7th century CE in the more westerly parts of present-day South West England.
Gordyene or Corduene was an ancient historical region, located on the upper course of the Tigris, south of Lake Van, in present-day southeastern Turkey.
The historiographical term "Eighteen Kingdoms", also translated as "Eighteen States", refers to the eighteen fengjian states in China created by military leader Xiang Yu in 206 BCE, after the collapse of the Qin dynasty.
Electorate of Hesse is mapped in the atlas for 1803 CE – 1867 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 13,815 km².
Christopher II was King of Denmark from 1320 to 1326 and again from 1329 until his death.
Adiabene was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the heartland of ancient Assyria.
Beylik of Sinop is mapped in the atlas for 1305 CE – 1332 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 13,622 km².
Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the southern Korean Peninsula.
Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France.
The Kingdom of Majorca was an insular realm off the east coast of modern day Spain, which included the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera.
Sultanate of Sambaliung is mapped in the atlas for 1830 CE – 1848 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 13,415 km².
Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean, covering 10,991 square kilometres (4,244 sq mi).
The Eshrefids or Ashrafids was a 13th-14th century Turkish Anatolian beylik.
The Principality of Mingrelia, also known as Odishi and as Samegrelo, was a historical state in Georgia ruled by the Dadiani dynasty.
Frisia is a cross-border cultural region in Northwestern Europe.
Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia.
Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia.
The Kingdom of Cyprus was a medieval kingdom of the Crusader states that existed between 1192 and 1489.
The Duchy of Silesia with its capital at Wrocław was a medieval provincial duchy of Poland located in the region of Silesia.
The Kingdom of the East Angles, informally known as the Kingdom of East Anglia or East Anglia, was an early medieval English kingdom of the Angles during the Anglo-Saxon period, existing from the 6th century to 918 CE.
France Antarctique was a French colony in Rio de Janeiro, in modern-day Brazil, which existed between 1555 and 1567, and had control over the coast from Rio de Janeiro to Cabo Frio.
Rheged was one of the kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd, the Brittonic-speaking region of what is now Northern England and southern Scotland, during the post-Roman era and Early Middle Ages.
Qataban was an ancient Yemenite kingdom in South Arabia that existed from the early 1st millennium BCE to the late 1st or 2nd centuries CE.
Sultan of Selangor is the title of the constitutional ruler of Selangor, Malaysia who is the head of state and head of the Islamic religion in Selangor.
The Achaean League was a Hellenistic-era confederation of Greek city-states on the northern and central Peloponnese.
The Aetolian League, also known as the League of the Aetolians, was an ancient Greek confederation of tribal communities and cities.
The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from its inception until 1433.
Strathclyde was one of nine former local government regions of Scotland created in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and abolished in 1996 by the Local Government etc.
The Kingdom of Imereti was a Georgian monarchy established in 1463 by a member of the house of Bagrationi when the Kingdom of Georgia was dissolved into rival kingdoms.
Tanjungpura Kingdom was an eighth century Malay kingdom located along the southwestern coast of Borneo facing the Java Sea, a region that today corresponds to the Ketapang Regency of West Kalimantan province of Indonesia.
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, located off the coast of the Levant mainland in West Asia.
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, located off the coast of the Levant mainland in West Asia.
The Duchy of Mecklenburg was a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire, located in the region of Mecklenburg.
Kosovo, officially the Republic of Kosovo, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Europe with partial diplomatic recognition.
The Taifa of Carmona was a medieval Berber taifa kingdom.
The Corsican Republic was a short-lived state on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea.
The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa.
The Despotate of Arta was a despotate established by Albanian rulers during the 14th century, after the defeat of the local Despot of Epirus, Nikephoros II Orsini, by Albanian tribesmen in the Battle of Achelous in 1359.
Philistia refers to the territory inhabited by the Philistines in Canaan, where they maintained a pentapolis comprising the cities of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath.
Zhongshan, alternately romanized via Cantonese as Chungshan or Jungsaan, is a prefecture-level city in the south of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province, China.
Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.
Zheng was a vassal state in China during the Zhou dynasty located in the centre of ancient China in modern-day Henan Province on the North China Plain about 75 miles (121 km) east of the royal capital at Luoyang.
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