From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
Teotihuacan is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico, which is located in the State of Mexico, 40 kilometers (25 mi) northeast of modern-day Mexico City.
The Toltec culture was a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture that ruled a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, during the Epiclassic and the early Post-Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, reaching prominence from 950 to 1150 AD.
Anga was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.
The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age culture centered on the island of Crete.
The Emirate of Crete was an Arab Islamic state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the reconquest of the island by the Byzantine Empire in 961.
The Cretan State was an autonomous state governing the island of Crete from 1898 to 1913, under de jure suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire but with de facto independence secured by European Great Powers.
Malla was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of north-eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.
Palestinians are an Arab national group native to the region of Palestine, descended from those who have inhabited the area over the millennia.
Aśmaka or Assaka was a Mahajanapada in ancient India which existed between 700 BCE and 425 or 345 BCE according to the Buddhist texts and Puranas.
Nizhny Novgorod, colloquially shortened to Nizhny and from 1932 to 1990 known as Gorky, is the administrative centre and largest city of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and the administrative centre of the Volga Federal District, in Russia.
The Kuru Kingdom was a Vedic Indo-Aryan tribal union in northern India of the Bharata and Puru tribes.
The Phayao Kingdom, also known as Phukamyao, is a Tai kingdom centred around the city of Phayao from around the 11th-14th century AD.
Matsya was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of central India whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.
The Kingdom of Dambadeniya was a medieval Sinhalese kingdom in what is present-day Sri Lanka.
The kingdom of Surasena was an ancient Indian region corresponding to the present-day Braj region in Uttar Pradesh, with Mathura as its capital city.
Thebans is mapped in the atlas for 350 BCE – 338 BCE, with a peak mapped extent of about 5,165 km².
The Vajjika or Vrijika League, Confederacy, or Sangha, also called simply Vajji or Vriji, was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribal league which existed during the later Iron Age period in north-east India.
The Duchy of Legnica or Duchy of Liegnitz was one of the Duchies of Silesia, formed during the fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies, ruled by a local line of the Piast dynasty between 1248 and 1675.
Avanti was an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, roughly corresponding to the present-day Malwa region.
The Kambojas were a southeastern Iranian people who inhabited the northeastern most part of the territory populated by Iranian tribes, which bordered the Indian lands.
Chen was a state founded by Duke Hu of Chen during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China.
Magadha was a region and kingdom in ancient India, based in the eastern Ganges Plain.
Kāśī was an ancient kingdom of India whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.
The Taifa of Arcos was a Berber medieval taifa kingdom that existed in two periods; first from 1011 to 1068.
Kosala (IPA: [koːɕɐlɐ], Sanskrit: कोशल, sometimes referred to as Uttara Kosala was one of the Mahajanapadas of ancient India.
Gandhāra was an Iron Age Indo-Aryan kingdom of northwestern South Asia.
Panchala was an ancient kingdom of northern India, located in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab of the upper gangetic plain, which is identified as Kanyakubja or region around Kannauj.
Brycheiniog was an independent kingdom in South Wales in the Early Middle Ages.
Tondo, also popularly known referred to as the Kingdom of Tondo, was a Tagalog and Kapampangan settlement which served as a major trade hub located on the northern part of the Pasig River delta on Luzon Island.
The Free City of Danzig was a city-state under the protection and oversight of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas.
The Duchy of Oldenburg, named for its capital, the town of Oldenburg, was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany.
The Duchy of Brunswick was a historical German state that ceased to exist in 1918.
County of Pallars is mapped in the atlas for 875 CE – 1014 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 4,850 km².
Hwicce was a kingdom in Anglo-Saxon England.
The Principality of Guria was a historical state in Georgia.
The Molossians were a group of ancient Greek tribes which inhabited the region of Epirus in classical antiquity.
Roussillon was a historical province of France that largely corresponded to the County of Roussillon and part of the County of Cerdagne of the former Principality of Catalonia.
Xu, also called Xu Rong (徐戎) or Xu Yi (徐夷) by its enemies, was an independent Huaiyi state of the Chinese Bronze Age that was ruled by a branch of the Ying family (嬴) and controlled much of the Huai River valley for at least two centuries.
The Judicate of Gallura was one of four Sardinian judicates in the Middle Ages.
Cornwall is a ceremonial county in South West England.
The Taifa of Saltés and Huelva was a medieval Arab taifa kingdom that existed in southern Iberia from around 1012 to 1051.
The Ahi Brotherhood, referred to as Ahi Republic in modern historiography, was a brotherhood union by Ahi Evran in Anatolia in the 13th and 14th centuries.
Cedī was an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe of central India whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.
Maynila, also known commonly as Manila and as the Kingdom of Maynila, was a major Tagalog bayan situated along the modern-day district of Intramuros in the city of Manila, at the southern bank of the Pasig River.
The Kingdom of the Kentish, today referred to as the Kingdom of Kent, was an early medieval English kingdom in present-day South East England.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state comprising the northern third of the island of Cyprus.
Teng was a minor Chinese vassal state that existed during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, located in the south of modern-day Shandong province.
The Kingdom of Judah was an Israelite kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.
The Sultanate of Zanzibar, also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was an East African Muslim state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in existence between 1856 and 1964.
Hamengkubuwono is the current ruling royal house of the Yogyakarta Sultanate in the Special Region of Yogyakarta of Indonesia.
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was a German state, created as a duchy in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been in personal union since 1741.
Vexin is a historical county of northern France.
The Pontianak Kadriyah Sultanate was a Arab-Malay state that existed on the western coast of the island of Borneo from the late 18th century until its disestablishment in 1950.
The Kingdom of the East Saxons, referred to as the Kingdom of Essex, was an early medieval English kingdom, constituting one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon period.
Vatsa or Vamsa was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas of Uttarapatha of ancient India mentioned in the Aṅguttara Nikāya.
The State of Cao was a vassal state in China during the Zhou dynasty.
The Lindsey was a lesser Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now north Lincolnshire in the sixth and seventh centuries, possibly extending into the early eighth century.
Béarn is one of the traditional provinces of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in Southwestern France.
Surakarta Sunanate is a Javanese monarchy centred in the city of Surakarta, in the province of Central Java, Indonesia.
Cai was an ancient Chinese state established at the beginning of the Zhou dynasty, rising to prominence during the Spring and Autumn period, and destroyed early in the Warring States period.
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