From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
The Italian city-states were numerous political and independent territorial entities that existed in the Italian Peninsula from antiquity to the formation of the Kingdom of Italy in the late 19th century.
The County of Savoy was a feudal state of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged, along with the free communes of Switzerland, from the collapse of the Kingdom of Burgundy in the 11th century.
In Greco-Roman geography, Iberia was an exonym for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli, known after its core province.
The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands was a short-lived sovereign principality and the precursor of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which it was reunited with the Southern Netherlands in 1815.
Portuguese Africa is mapped in the atlas for 1507 CE – 1581 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 35,685 km².
The State of Los Altos, commonly known as Los Altos, was the 6th state of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1838 to 1840 and a short-lived independent republic from 1848 to 1849.
The Electorate of Saxony, 1356 to 1806, was an Electorate of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Phoenicians were an ancient Semitic-speaking people who inhabited city-states in Canaan along the Levantine coast of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily in present-day Lebanon.
The Phoenicians were an ancient Semitic-speaking people who inhabited city-states in Canaan along the Levantine coast of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily in present-day Lebanon.
The Second Athenian League was a maritime confederation of Greek city-states that existed from 378 to 355 BC under the hegemony of Athens.
The House of Ascania is a reigning family historically documented since the 11th century.
The Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled in Upper Egypt during the late Second Intermediate Period, approximately from 1580 to 1550 BC.
The world’s first industrial and economic revolution, inventing paper banknotes, gunpowder weaponry, and the magnetic navigation compass.
The Principality of Iberia was an early medieval aristocratic regime in a core Georgian region of Kartli, called Iberia by classical authors.
The historiographical term "Eighteen Kingdoms", also translated as "Eighteen States", refers to the eighteen fengjian states in China created by military leader Xiang Yu in 206 BCE, after the collapse of the Qin dynasty.
This is a list of factions in the Mexican Revolution.
The Fifteenth Dynasty was a foreign dynasty of ancient Egypt.
The Principality of Turov, later called the Principality of Turov and Pinsk, also known as Turovian Rus', was a medieval principality of Kievan Rus' from the 10th century on the territory of modern-day Belarus and northern Ukraine.
The Kingdom of Janggala is one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons in 1045.
The Principality of Vitebsk was a Ruthenian principality centered on the city of Vitebsk in modern Belarus, that existed from its founding in 1101 until it was nominally inherited into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1320.
The Kingdom of Saxony was a German monarchy in Central Europe between 1806 and 1918, the successor of the Electorate of Saxony.
Thebes is a city in Boeotia, Central Greece, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.
The Yugoslav Partisans, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.
Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.
Kastamonu is a city in northern Turkey. It is the seat of Kastamonu Province and Kastamonu District.
The Itza are a Maya ethnic group. They are descendants of the Chanes from the Chontal region of Tabasco.
The Empire of Trebizond or the Trapezuntine Empire was one of the three Byzantine rump states of the Byzantine Empire that existed during the 13th through to the 15th century.
The Kingdom of Thessalonica was a short-lived Crusader State established as a vassal of the Latin Empire following the Fourth Crusade.
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) with an estimated population of 2,080,000.
Judea or Judaea is a mountainous region of the Levant.
The Early Pandyas of the Sangam period were one of the three main kingdoms of the Tamils, the other two being the Cholas, and Cheras dynasty.
Okjeo was an ancient Korean tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE.
Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.
The Emirate of Granada, also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, was an Islamic polity in the southern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Middle Ages, ruled by the Arab Nasrid dynasty.
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas.
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country in the Caribbean on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas.
The Capetian House of Anjou, or House of Anjou-Sicily, was a royal house and cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.
The Liang dynasty, alternatively known as the Southern Liang or Xiao Liang in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period.
The Beylik of Dulkadir was one of the Turkish Anatolian beyliks (principality) established by the Oghuz Turk clans Bayat, Afshar, and Begdili after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
The Anatolian beylik of Teke, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
The Sultanate of Cirebon was an Islamic sultanate in West Java founded in the 15th century.
The Karasids were a Turkoman dynasty that ruled the region of Mysia in northwestern Anatolia during the first half of the 14th century.
The Kingdom of Bithynia was a Hellenistic kingdom centred in the historical region of Bithynia, in northwest Anatolia, which seems to have been established in the 4th century BC.
The Roman Republic was a sister republic of the First French Republic that existed from 1798 to 1799.
The Golden Ambrosian Republic was a short-lived republic founded in Milan by members of the University of Pavia with popular support, during the first phase of the Milanese War of Succession.
The Serbian Despotate was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century.
The Principality of Turov, later called the Principality of Turov and Pinsk, also known as Turovian Rus', was a medieval principality of Kievan Rus' from the 10th century on the territory of modern-day Belarus and northern Ukraine.
Pomerania is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany.
Dongye is mapped in the atlas for 91 BCE – 391 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 29,068 km².
The Grand Principality of Serbia, also known by the anachronistic exonym Rascia, was a medieval Serbian state that existed from the second half of the 11th century up until 1217, when it was transformed into the Kingdom of Serbia.
British Ceylon refers to the imperial possessions of the United Kingdom in the island of Ceylon, present-day Sri Lanka, between 1796 and 4 February 1948.
The foremost maritime naval superpower of medieval Asia, dominating South India and dispatching trans-oceanic naval armadas to Srivijaya (Indonesia/Malaysia).
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Central Africa and the only Spanish-speaking country in Africa.
The Kingdom of Lazica, sometimes called Lazian Empire, was a state in the territory of west Georgia in the Roman period, from about the 1st century BC.
The People's Republic of Zanzibar was a short-lived African state founded in 1964, consisting of the islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago.
Duklja was a medieval South Slavic state which roughly encompassed the territories of modern-day southeastern Montenegro, from the Bay of Kotor in the west to the Bojana river in the east, and to the sources of the Zeta and Morača rivers in the north.
Duchy of Courland is mapped in the atlas for 1734 CE – 1793 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 28,201 km².
The Vermont Republic, officially known at the time as the State of Vermont, was a de facto, unrecognized independent state in New England that existed from January 15, 1777, to March 4, 1791.
The Republic of Genoa was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.
Albania, officially the Republic of Albania, is a country in Southeastern Europe.
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