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YearMaps
Planetary Historical Sovereign Registry

Empires & Sovereign States

From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.

Polities Indexed
1,612 Polities
Across 5 Continents
Largest Land Realm
24.0M km²
Mongol Empire
Largest Maritime Realm
35.5M km²
British Empire (1921)
Vector Attribution
Cliopatria
13,800+ dated border shapes · CC BY 4.0
Showing 60 of 60 superpowers
Epoch:
High & Late Middle Ages576,490 km²

Kartids

The Kart dynasty, also known as the Kartids, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Tajik origin, closely related to the Ghurids, that ruled over a large part of Khorasan during the 13th and 14th centuries.

Active Epoch:
1344 CE – 1384 CE
Imperial Capital:
Herat
Government:
Early Middle Ages573,391 km²

Kannauj-Varman Dynasty

Kannauj is an ancient city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and a municipal board home to the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district.

Active Epoch:
732 CE – 771 CE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
Classical Antiquity573,288 km²

Later Qin

Qin, known in historiography as the Later Qin or Yao Qin (姚秦), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Yao clan of Qiang ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms period in northern China.

Active Epoch:
387 CE – 416 CE
Imperial Capital:
Chang'an
Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery570,383 km²

Haudenosaunee

The Haudenosaunee Confederacy, also known as the Iroquois, is a confederacy of Iroquoian Indigenous peoples in northeast North America.

Active Epoch:
1450 CE – 1782 CE
Imperial Capital:
Onondaga
Government:
Early Middle Ages569,446 km²

Kingdom of England

Kingdom of England is mapped in the atlas for 936 CE – 1708 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 569,446 km².

Active Epoch:
936 CE – 1708 CE
Imperial Capital:
ubl
Government:
Early Middle Ages564,714 km²

Caliphate of Córdoba

The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.

Active Epoch:
936 CE – 1071 CE
Imperial Capital:
Córdoba
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages561,190 km²

House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg, also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most powerful dynasties in the history of Western civilization.

Active Epoch:
1260 CE – 1515 CE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
Industrial Era560,314 km²

Taliban

Taliban is mapped in the atlas for 1996 CE – 2005 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 560,314 km².

Active Epoch:
1996 CE – 2005 CE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
Industrial Era556,635 km²

Anti-Kuomintang Coalition

Anti-Kuomintang Coalition is mapped in the atlas for 1930 CE – 1931 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 556,635 km².

Active Epoch:
1930 CE – 1931 CE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages556,243 km²

Holy Roman Empire Minor States

Sacrum Romanum Imperium / Heiliges Römisches Reich

A thousand-year multi-ethnic confederation across Central Europe, bridging the legacy of Rome and Charlemagne with the Golden Bull electoral monarchy.

Active Epoch:
962 CE – 1806 CE
Imperial Capital:
No permanent capital; Imperial Diets at Aachen, Regensburg, Frankfurt, Vienna
Government:
Elective Feudal Empire with Imperial Diet (Reichstag)
Classical Antiquity555,182 km²

Tuyuhun

Tuyuhun, also known as Henan and Azha, was a dynastic monarchy established by the nomadic peoples related to the Xianbei in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River valley.

Active Epoch:
287 CE – 665 CE
Imperial Capital:
Fuqi
Government:
Industrial Era537,952 km²

Arab Federation

The Hashemite Arab Federation was a short-lived confederation that lasted from 14 February to 2 August 1958, between the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan.

Active Epoch:
1958 CE – 1959 CE
Imperial Capital:
Baghdad
Government:
Early Middle Ages537,553 km²

Srivijaya

Srivijaya, also spelled Sri Vijaya or Sriwijaya, was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra that influenced much of Southeast Asia.

Active Epoch:
674 CE – 1293 CE
Imperial Capital:
Palembang
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages535,551 km²

Crown of Castile

Crown of Castile is mapped in the atlas for 1236 CE – 1515 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 535,551 km².

Active Epoch:
1236 CE – 1515 CE
Imperial Capital:
Madrid
Government:
Industrial Era535,464 km²

Talpur Dynasty

Talpur Dynasty is mapped in the atlas for 1820 CE – 1894 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 535,464 km².

Active Epoch:
1820 CE – 1894 CE
Imperial Capital:
Hyderabad, Khairpur, and Mirpur Khas
Government:
Early Middle Ages533,393 km²

Maukhari Dynasty

The Maukhari dynasty was a post-Gupta dynasty who controlled the vast plains of Ganga-Yamuna for almost a century from Kannauj.

Active Epoch:
555 CE – 611 CE
Imperial Capital:
Kanyakubja
Government:
Bronze Age Civilizations526,585 km²

Akkadian Empire

The Akkadian Empire or the Kingdom of Akkad/Agade was an ancient kingdom established around 2300 BCE, often seen as the first empire in world history, succeeding and unifying the long-lived city-states of the Early Dynastic period.

Active Epoch:
2300 BCE – 2101 BCE
Imperial Capital:
Akkad
Government:
Industrial Era522,688 km²

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian State was the official name of Ukraine used between 29 April and 14 December 1918, following the deposition of the Central Rada of Ukrainian People's Republic.

Active Epoch:
1919 CE – 1919 CE
Imperial Capital:
Kyiv
Government:
Industrial Era522,065 km²

Kingdom of Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, and formerly known as Siam, is a country located in Mainland Southeast Asia.

Active Epoch:
1932 CE – 2024 CE
Imperial Capital:
Bangkok
Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery521,534 km²

Small Horde

The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century.

Active Epoch:
1564 CE – 1737 CE
Imperial Capital:
Saray-Jük
Government:
Early Middle Ages519,922 km²

Old Kingdom of Norway

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country comprising the western and northernmost parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, the remote Arctic island Jan Mayen and the archipelago Svalbard.

Active Epoch:
866 CE – 1401 CE
Imperial Capital:
Oslo
Government:
Classical Antiquity519,631 km²

Kingdom of Armenia

The Kingdom of Greater Armenia or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major, sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire under Tigranes II, was an Armenian kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.

Active Epoch:
326 BCE – 646 CE
Imperial Capital:
Armavir
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages516,574 km²

Qara Qoyunlu

Qara Qoyunlu is mapped in the atlas for 1375 CE – 1467 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 516,574 km².

Active Epoch:
1375 CE – 1467 CE
Imperial Capital:
Tabriz
Government:
Classical Antiquity502,851 km²

Later Yan

Yan, known in historiography as the Later Yan, was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Xianbei people during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms.

Active Epoch:
387 CE – 409 CE
Imperial Capital:
Zhongshan
Government:
Early Middle Ages495,453 km²

Southern Wu

Southern Wu is mapped in the atlas for 911 CE – 959 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 495,453 km².

Active Epoch:
911 CE – 959 CE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
Classical Antiquity488,990 km²

Kingdom of Lysimachus

Lysimachus was a Thessalian officer and successor of Alexander the Great who became king of Thrace in 306 BC, western Asia Minor in 301 BC and Macedon in 288 BC.

Active Epoch:
323 BCE – 282 BCE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
Classical Antiquity488,436 km²

Xionites

Xionites, Khionites, Chionites, or Chionitae were a nomadic people in the Central Asian regions of Transoxiana and Bactria.

Active Epoch:
387 CE – 401 CE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages488,420 km²

Adal Sultanate

The Adal Sultanate, also known as the Adal Empire or Barr Saʿad dīn, was a medieval Sunni Muslim empire which was located in the Horn of Africa.

Active Epoch:
1415 CE – 1546 CE
Imperial Capital:
Dakkar
Government:
Early Middle Ages487,475 km²

Balhae

Parhae, also rendered as Bohai or Balhae, and called Jin early on, was a multiethnic kingdom established in 698 by Tae Choyŏng.

Active Epoch:
705 CE – 925 CE
Imperial Capital:
Dongmo Mountain,
Government:
Classical Antiquity487,435 km²

Indo-Parthians

The Indo-Parthian kingdom, also known as Pahlavas in the ancient Sanskrit texts, was a syncretic state founded by Gondophares I in the first century CE.

Active Epoch:
1 CE – 90 CE
Imperial Capital:
Taxila
Government:
Early Middle Ages485,847 km²

Rus'

Rus' is mapped in the atlas for 880 CE – 881 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 485,847 km².

Active Epoch:
880 CE – 881 CE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages484,573 km²

North Sea Empire

The North Sea Empire, also known as the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire, was the personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age.

Active Epoch:
1018 CE – 1039 CE
Imperial Capital:
Winchester, England
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages484,133 km²

Yadava Dynasty

The Seuna, Sevuna, or Yadavas of Devagiri was a medieval Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a realm stretching from the Narmada river in the north to the Tungabhadra river in the south, in the western part of the Deccan region.

Active Epoch:
1188 CE – 1325 CE
Imperial Capital:
Nashik, Ahmednagar, Devagiri
Government:
Industrial Era483,568 km²

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is mapped in the atlas for 1946 CE – 2024 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 483,568 km².

Active Epoch:
1946 CE – 2024 CE
Imperial Capital:
Port Moresby
Government:
Industrial Era481,731 km²

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic was a historical period of the German state from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history.

Active Epoch:
1920 CE – 1935 CE
Imperial Capital:
Berlin
Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery475,816 km²

Khanate of Kokand

The Khanate of Kokand was an early modern state in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia.

Active Epoch:
1709 CE – 1876 CE
Imperial Capital:
Koktonliq Ata
Government:
Early Middle Ages474,374 km²

Western Xia

Western Xia is mapped in the atlas for 990 CE – 1226 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 474,374 km².

Active Epoch:
990 CE – 1226 CE
Imperial Capital:
Xingqing
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages470,821 km²

Bahmani Sultanate

The Bahmani Kingdom, or the Bahmani Sultanate, was a late medieval Persianate kingdom that ruled the Deccan Plateau in India.

Active Epoch:
1352 CE – 1491 CE
Imperial Capital:
Kalaburagi
Government:
Early Middle Ages469,781 km²

Rustamid dynasty

The Rustamid dynasty was an Ibadi dynasty of Persian origin which ruled a state that was centered in present-day Algeria.

Active Epoch:
778 CE – 910 CE
Imperial Capital:
Tahert
Government:
Classical Antiquity468,197 km²

Minyue

Minyue was an ancient kingdom in what is now the Fujian province in southern China.

Active Epoch:
333 BCE – 111 BCE
Imperial Capital:
Dongye
Government:
Industrial Era467,932 km²

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.

Active Epoch:
1992 CE – 2024 CE
Imperial Capital:
Ashgabat
Government:
Early Middle Ages466,506 km²

Oghuz Turks

Oghuz Khagan or Oğuz Khan is a legendary khan of the Turkic people and an eponymous ancestor of the Oghuz Turks.

Active Epoch:
750 CE – 1055 CE
Imperial Capital:
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages466,309 km²

Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946.

Active Epoch:
1000 CE – 1546 CE
Imperial Capital:
Budapest, Historical capitals:
Government:
Bronze & Iron Age Civilizations464,287 km²

Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt was the last native dynasty of ancient Egypt before the Persian conquest in 525 BC.

Active Epoch:
615 BCE – 501 BCE
Imperial Capital:
Sais
Government:
Industrial Era462,613 km²

Kingdom of Norway

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country comprising the western and northernmost parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, the remote Arctic island Jan Mayen and the archipelago Svalbard.

Active Epoch:
1814 CE – 2024 CE
Imperial Capital:
Oslo
Government:
Early Modern & Age of Discovery461,627 km²

Tokugawa Shogunate

The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Edo shogunate, was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868.

Active Epoch:
1600 CE – 1869 CE
Imperial Capital:
Edo,
Government:
Early Middle Ages455,534 km²

Kingdom of Italy

Kingdom of Italy is mapped in the atlas for 587 CE – 1946 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 455,534 km².

Active Epoch:
587 CE – 1946 CE
Imperial Capital:
Rome
Government:
Bronze & Iron Age Civilizations454,097 km²

Carthage

Ancient Carthage was an ancient civilization based in North Africa.

Active Epoch:
650 BCE – 145 BCE
Imperial Capital:
Carthage
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages452,468 km²

Halych-Volhynia occupation

The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, known as the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia before 1253, and also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia or Kingdom of Rus', was a medieval state in Eastern Europe which existed from 1199 to 1349.

Active Epoch:
1056 CE – 1240 CE
Imperial Capital:
Volodymyr, Halych, Chełm,
Government:
Classical Antiquity451,935 km²

Cheng Han

Cheng-Han was a dynastic state of China listed as one of the Sixteen Kingdoms in Chinese historiography.

Active Epoch:
306 CE – 346 CE
Imperial Capital:
Chengdu
Government:
High & Late Middle Ages450,375 km²

Ayutthaya Kingdom

The Ayutthaya Kingdom or the Empire of Ayutthaya was a Thai kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand.

Active Epoch:
1352 CE – 1768 CE
Imperial Capital:
Historic City of Ayutthaya
Government:
Industrial Era449,072 km²

North German Confederation

The North German Confederation was a confederated state that united the region of Germany north of the Main river from July 1867 to December 1870.

Active Epoch:
1868 CE – 1870 CE
Imperial Capital:
Berlin
Government: