From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
The Neo-Persian superpower and great rival of Rome and Byzantium, elevating Persian art, cataphract heavy cavalry, and Zoroastrian statecraft.
Zambia, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.
The Marinid dynasty was a Berber Zenata dynasty that ruled much of the Maghreb, chiefly present-day Morocco, from the mid-13th to the 15th century.
In medieval history, the Kingdom of Germany was the original core of the Holy Roman Empire, which continued to be distinguished from other parts of the empire such as the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Burgundy.
The Golden Age of Islamic civilization, centering in Baghdad’s House of Wisdom, pioneering algebra, optics, medicine, and global trade across the Silk Road.
The Kingdom of the Franks, also known as the Frankish Kingdom or Francia, was the largest post-Roman kingdom in Western Europe.
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.
East Francia or the Kingdom of the East Franks was a successor state of the Carolingian Empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.
The foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire were conducted by the emperor.
Gallic Empire or Gallic Roman Empire are names used in modern historiography for a breakaway Western European part of the Roman Empire that functioned de facto as a separate state from 260 to 274.
The Jalayirid Sultanate, also Ilka dynasty or Ilkanids, was a Mongol dynasty which ruled over modern-day Iraq and western Iran after the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 1330s.
Three millennia of monumental civilization anchored along the fertile banks of the Nile, famed for pyramids, astronomical calendars, and divine kingship.
The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century.
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to ancient Mesopotamia.
The Zhou dynasty was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 790 years from c.
Protectorate of the Western Regions is mapped in the atlas for 117 CE – 601 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 695,193 km².
The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths was a barbarian kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th century.
The Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt is usually classified as the fifth Dynasty of the Late Period of ancient Egypt.
The Kushan Empire was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the early 1st century CE.
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also referred to as Burma, is a country in northwest Southeast Asia.
The Konbaung dynasty, also known as the Third Burmese Empire (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်), was the last dynasty that ruled Burma from 1752 to 1885.
The Consulate was the top-level government of the First French Republic from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 until the start of the French Empire on 18 May 1804.
The Emirate of Jabal Shammar, also known as the Emirate of Haʾil, was a historical emirate in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula, centred on Ha'il in Najd.
The Rattanakosin Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Siam after 1855, refers to the Siamese kingdom between 1782 and 1932.
The Vakataka dynasty was an ancient Indian dynasty that originated from the Deccan in the mid-3rd century CE.
The Songhai Empire was a state located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries.
The Durrani dynasty, also called the Sadozai dynasty, was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan.
Zhao, briefly known officially as Wei (衛) in 350 AD, known in historiography as the Later Zhao or Shi Zhao (石趙), was a dynasty of China ruled by the Shi family of Jie ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
Qocho or Kara-Khoja, also known as Idiqut, was a Uyghur kingdom created in 843, with strong Chinese Buddhist and Tocharian influences.
Aquitaine, archaic Guyenne or Guienne, is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region.
In the history of France, the French Republic, retroactively referred to as the First Republic and sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution.
The Han-Zhao, or Former Zhao, was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Liu (Luandi) clan of Chuge-Xiongnu ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history.
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa.
The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, also known as the United Provinces, and referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation and great power that existed from 1588 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.
The Kingdom of Afghanistan, also known as the Sublime State of Afghanistan, was a monarchy operating under a unitary state in Central Asia that was established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan.
The Republic of Afghanistan, also known as the Republican State of Afghanistan, was the first republic in Afghanistan.
Mujahideen or mujahidin, is the plural form of mujahid, an Arabic term that broadly refers to people who engage in jihad, interpreted in a jurisprudence of Islam as the fight on behalf of God, religion or the community (ummah).
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and South Asia.
Gothia is mapped in the atlas for 207 CE – 382 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 634,926 km².
Denmark–Norway was a 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway, the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar or Blue Sultanate was an Islamic kingdom in what is now Sudan, northwestern Eritrea and western Ethiopia.
Wei, known in historiography as the Eastern Wei, was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei dynasty.
Nanyue was an ancient kingdom founded in 204 BC by the Chinese general Zhao Tuo, whose family continued to rule until 111 BC.
The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa.
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country in the Indian Ocean that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands.
South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa.
Margaret I was queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from the late 1380s until her death, and the founder of the Kalmar Union that joined the Scandinavian kingdoms together for over a century.
The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids, also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin from the Bekdili clan of the Oghuz Turks.
Shu, referred to as Later Shu and Meng Shu in historiography, was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
Great Shu, known in historiography as the Former Shu or occasionally Wang Shu (王蜀), was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
The Federal League, also known as the League of the Free Peoples, was a short lived confederation of provinces located in South America.
Assyria was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization that existed from the 21st to the 7th century BCE which conquered and administered most of West Asia from the Assyrian heartland in Upper Mesopotamia.
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which borders it to the east and northeast.
Chu was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty.
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa.
Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom centered in the historical region of Pontus, in northern Anatolia, on the southern coast of the Black Sea .
The Kingdom of the Burgundians, or First Kingdom of Burgundy, was one of the so called "barbarian kingdoms" of the late Western Roman Empire in the fifth and sixth centuries.
The Jaffna Kingdom, also known as Kingdom of Aryachakravarti, was a historical kingdom of what today is northern Sri Lanka.
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.
The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy, was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.
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