From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
The German Confederation was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe from 1815 to 1866.
The Emirate of Córdoba, and from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.
The Federal Republic of Central America, initially known as the United Provinces of Central America, was a sovereign state in Central America that existed between 1823 and 1839/1841.
The Lodi dynasty was a royal family that ruled the Sultanate of Delhi from 1451 to 1526.
The Pagan Kingdom, also called Bagan Empire (ပုဂံဧကရာဇ်နိုင်ငံတော်) or the First Burmese Empire, was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-day Myanmar.
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia.
The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz was a state in the Hejaz region of Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty.
The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was the Iraqi state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958.
Margaret I was queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from the late 1380s until her death, and the founder of the Kalmar Union that joined the Scandinavian kingdoms together for over a century.
Three millennia of monumental civilization anchored along the fertile banks of the Nile, famed for pyramids, astronomical calendars, and divine kingship.
The First Bulgarian Empire was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern and southeastern Central Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD.
Chenla or Zhenla is the Chinese designation for the vassal of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late 6th to the early 9th century in Indochina.
The Kingdom of Imerina, also known as the Kingdom of Madagascar or the Kingdom of Merina, was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 18th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar.
In Scandinavian prehistory, sometimes specifically Swedish prehistory, the Vendel Period, or Vendel Age, appears between the Migration Period and the Viking Age, specifically following the Volcanic winter of 536, subsiding around 550 AD.
Angevin Empire is mapped in the atlas for 1147 CE – 1209 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 426,192 km².
The Kingdom of Poland was a state in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods from 1025 until 1795.
The Yenisei Kyrgyz were an ancient Turkic people who dwelled along the upper Yenisei in the southern portion of the Minusinsk Hollow from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE.
Vandals is mapped in the atlas for 337 CE – 438 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 420,482 km².
The Duchy of Aquitaine was a historical fiefdom located in the western, central, and southern areas of present-day France, south of the river Loire.
The Sarbadars were a mixture of religious dervishes and secular rulers that came to rule over part of western Khurasan in the midst of the disintegration of the Mongol Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century.
Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are an ethnic group native to present day Hungary, and the Carpathian Basin who share a common culture, language, history and ancestry.
The Ostrogoths were a Roman-era Germanic people who, in the 5th and 6th centuries, established one of the two major Gothic kingdoms within the Western Roman Empire.
Chu, known in historiography as Ma Chu (馬楚) or Southern Chu (南楚), was a dynastic state of China that existed from 907 to 951.
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a sovereign, doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland, it is bordered to the west by the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk in the north, and the East China Sea in the south.
Goguryeo also later known as Goryeo, was a Korean kingdom which was located on the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of modern-day Northeast China (Manchuria).
The Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873), also known as the Du Wenxiu Rebellion, was a rebellion of the Muslim Hui people and other ethnic groups against the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in southwestern Yunnan Province, as part of a wave of Hui-led multi-ethnic unrest.
The Mongol Empire conducted several campaigns in Central Asia after the unification of the Mongol and Turkic tribes on the Mongolian Plateau in 1206.
Li Zicheng is mapped in the atlas for 1632 CE – 1644 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 407,378 km².
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a landlocked country located in the central region of South America.
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and various islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of South Asia.
The Bijapur Sultanate was an early modern sultanate located in the southwestern Deccan, ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty.
The Sukhothai Kingdom was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (maṇḍala) in Mainland Southeast Asia centred on the ancient city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand.
The major Red Sea maritime trading empire described by Mani as one of the four great powers of the world alongside Rome, Persia, and China.
Rhodesia, officially the Republic of Rhodesia from 1970 onwards, was a de facto state in Southern Africa that existed from 1965 to 1979.
Zimbabwe Rhodesia, alternatively known as Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, also informally known as Zimbabwe or Rhodesia, was a short-lived sovereign state that existed from 1 June 1979 to 18 April 1980, though it lacked international recognition.
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east.
The Wattasid dynasty was a ruling dynasty of Morocco.
The Shan States were a collection of Shan (Tai) principalities called möng whose rulers bore the title saopha (sawbwa).
The nawabs of Bengal were the hereditary rulers of Bengal Subah in Mughal India.
Lotharingia was a historical region and an early medieval polity that existed during the late Carolingian and early Ottonian era, from the middle of the 9th to the middle of the 10th century.
The Kara-Khanid Khanate, also known as the Karakhanids, Qarakhanids, Ilek Khanids or the Afrasiabids, was a Karluk Turkic khanate that ruled Central Asia from the 9th to the early 13th century.
Denmark–Norway was a 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway, the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period.
The Rasulid dynasty or Rasulids were a Sunni Yemeni dynasty who ruled Yemen from 1229 to 1454.
The Tahirid dynasty was a culturally Arabized, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Persian dehqan origin.
Lan Xang, also spelled Lan Sang, was a Lao kingdom that held the area of present-day Laos from 1353 to 1707.
The Republic of Texas, or simply Texas, was a short-lived sovereign country in North America from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846.
The Second Polish Republic, officially known at the time as the Republic of Poland, was the Polish state that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939 after being established in the final stage of World War I.
Muzaffarids is mapped in the atlas for 1344 CE – 1394 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 369,514 km².
The Emirate of Bukhara was an Uzbek absolute monarchy in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now parts of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.
Sultanate of Rum is mapped in the atlas for 1094 CE – 1313 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 367,020 km².
The taifas were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, referred to by Muslims as al-Andalus, that emerged from the decline and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba between 1009 and 1031.
The Bengal Sultanate was a late medieval sultanate based in the Bengal region in eastern South Asia between the 14th and 16th centuries.
The Imams of Yemen and later also the Kings of Yemen were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam.
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Western and Central Europe.
The Dali Kingdom, also known as the Dali State, was a Bai dynastic state situated in modern Yunnan province, China, from 937 to 1253.
The Thonburi Kingdom was a major Siamese kingdom which existed in Southeast Asia from 1767 to 1782, centred on the city of Thonburi, in Siam or present-day Thailand.
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