From ancient Sumerian city-states and Egypt to Rome, the Pax Mongolica, dynastic China, and global colonial realms, explore the territorial boundaries, administrative centers, and civilizational achievements of humanity’s historical sovereign polities.
The Khedivate of Egypt was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire established and ruled by members of the dynasty of Muhammad Ali.
The Ghaznavid Empire was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim state of Turkic Karluk origin.
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period was an era of political upheaval and division in Imperial China from 907 to 979 CE.
The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Seleucid Empire based in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
Wei, also known as Cao Wei (曹魏) or Former Wei, was one of the major dynastic states in China during the Three Kingdoms period.
The Gupta Empire was an Indian empire during the classical period of the Indian subcontinent which existed from the mid 3rd century to mid 6th century CE.
The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Seleucid Empire based in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
The Safavid dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Safavid Iran, and one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736.
The world’s first industrial and economic revolution, inventing paper banknotes, gunpowder weaponry, and the magnetic navigation compass.
The Argentine Confederation was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35.
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the far south of South America.
The Communist Party of China (CPC), commonly known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and sole governing party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
The Göktürks, also known as Türks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks, were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia.
The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy, was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.
Song, known as Liu Song, Former Song (前宋) or Song of (the) Southern dynasties (南朝宋) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period.
Muhammad Ali dynasty is mapped in the atlas for 1805 CE – 1865 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 2,689,225 km².
East Africa Protectorate was a British protectorate in the African Great Lakes, occupying roughly the same area as present-day Kenya, from the Indian Ocean inland to the border with Uganda in the west part.
Germany colonized Africa during two distinct periods.
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages.
The Kazakh Khanate, also known as the Kazakh Khanates or Qazaq Khanate was a nomadic state in Central Asia that existed from c.
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country situated primarily in Central Asia, with a portion of its territory extending into Eastern Europe.
The Tümed are a Mongol subgroup. Tümed Mongols mainly live in the region around the city of Hohhot, such as Tumed Left Banner and Tumed Right Banner in China.
The direct continuation of the Roman Empire in the East, guarding the frontier of Europe and the Bosporus for over a millennium until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Vassalage of Western Xia to Great Jin is mapped in the atlas for 1126 CE – 1226 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 2,591,598 km².
Kara-Khitans is mapped in the atlas for 1126 CE – 1219 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 2,568,396 km².
The White Horde, or more appropriately, the left wing of the Jochid ulus, was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire formed around 1225, after the death of Jochi when his son, Orda, inherited his father's appanage by the Jaxartes.
The Later Jin, officially known as Jin or the Great Jin, was a Jurchen-led royal dynasty of China and a khanate ruled by the House of Aisin-Gioro in Manchuria, as the precursor to the Qing dynasty.
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.
The largest contiguous land empire in world history, uniting the entire Eurasian landmass from the Sea of Japan to the Danube River under the Pax Mongolica.
The Tughlaq dynasty was the third dynasty to rule over the Delhi Sultanate in the medieval Indian subcontinent.
The Saffarid dynasty was a culturally Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Khorasan, and eastern Makran from 861 to 1002.
The Grand Principality of Moscow, before 1389 the Principality of Moscow, also known by the exonym Muscovy, was a late medieval Russian monarchy.
Free France was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic during World War II.
The Liang dynasty, alternatively known as the Southern Liang or Xiao Liang in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period.
Qi, known in historiography as the Southern Qi or Xiao Qi, was a Chinese imperial dynasty and the second of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties era.
The Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960.
The dominant Mediterranean superpower of antiquity, encompassing over 5 million square kilometers across Southern Europe, North Africa, and the Levant.
The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad Ahmad against the Khedivate of Egypt, which had ruled Sudan since 1821.
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo, and formerly named Zaire, is a country in Central Africa.
Zaire, officially the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965 to 1971 and the Republic of Zaire from 1971 to 1997, was the Congolese state in Central Africa headed by Mobutu Sese Seko from 1965 to 1997.
The first Saudi state, officially the Emirate of Diriyah, was a polity that existed on the Arabian Peninsula between 1744 and 1818.
Denmark is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.
The Kushan Empire was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the early 1st century CE.
Goryeo was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392.
Media was a political entity centered in Ecbatana that existed from the 7th century BC until the mid-6th century BC and is believed to have dominated a significant portion of the Iranian plateau, preceding the powerful Achaemenid Empire.
Greenland is an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark and is the largest of the kingdom's three constituent parts by land area, the others being Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands.
The Estado Novo was the corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933.
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in Southwestern Europe.
The Durrani Empire, colloquially known as the Kingdom of Afghanistan, the Afghan Empire, or the Sadozai Kingdom, was an Afghan empire founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, of the Pashtun Durrani tribe.
The Southern Ming, also known in historiography as the Later Ming, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China and a series of rump states of the Ming dynasty that came into existence following the Jiashen Incident of 1644.
Centralist Mexico is mapped in the atlas for 1836 CE – 1847 CE, with a peak mapped extent of about 2,144,956 km².
The Ghurid dynasty was a culturally Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of Ghor, and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215.
The dominant Mediterranean superpower of antiquity, encompassing over 5 million square kilometers across Southern Europe, North Africa, and the Levant.
The Qin dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China.
The historiographical term "Eighteen Kingdoms", also translated as "Eighteen States", refers to the eighteen fengjian states in China created by military leader Xiang Yu in 206 BCE, after the collapse of the Qin dynasty.
The Jin dynasty, officially the Great Jin, was a Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China and empire ruled by the Wanyan clan that existed between 1115 and 1234.
The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.
The world’s first industrial and economic revolution, inventing paper banknotes, gunpowder weaponry, and the magnetic navigation compass.
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