Ancient and Medieval States of the German Lands: Map & History
18 states of the German Lands on one map, from 283 CE to 2024 CE.The largest, Kingdom of Germany, covered about 736,897 km²; the longest-lived, Swiss Confederation, lasted 1294 CE – 2024 CE. Each has its own section below with its rulers, capitals, wars and pictures where the records hold them.
Each state in its own colour. Move the timeline to see which existed in any year from 283 AD to 2024; select a territory to read about it. Borders: Cliopatria / Seshat (CC BY 4.0).
The Ancient and Medieval States of the German Lands Compared
Saxons display at the Frazier Hist Arms Museum, Louisville, KYChris Light · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Commons
The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons or Continental Saxons, were a Germanic people of early medieval "Old" Saxony (Latin: Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany. Many of their neighbours were, like them, speakers of West Germanic dialects, including both the Franks and Thuringians to the south, and the coastal Frisians, Angles and Danes to the north who were among the peoples who were originally referred to as "Saxons" in the context of early raiding and settlements in Roman Britain and Gaul.
With the exception of a few earlier Runic inscriptions, a distinct Old Saxon language is first attested in the 8th century CE, after the conquest of the Saxons by Charlemagne. Within the West Germanic languages, Old Saxon is typically considered one of the North Sea Germanic languages, and thus closely related to both Old English and Old Frisian, though it also shares many features with its continental neighbors, Old High German and Old Low Franconian. Our knowledge of the Old Saxon language comes primarily from the Heliand and fragmentary Old Saxon Genesis, two epics created as part of Frankish missionary work among the Saxons; other sources include several short prose texts, words found in Latin manuscripts as glosses, and Saxon personal and place names.
Originally Germanic and Anglo-Saxon paganism, later Christianity
Wars and Battles
The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the king; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people.
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The Saxons long resisted becoming Christians and being incorporated into the orbit of the Frankish kingdom. In 776 the Saxons promised to convert to Christianity and vow loyalty to the king, but, during Charlemagne's campaign in Hispania (778), the Saxons advanced to Deutz on the Rhine and plundered along the river. This was an oft-repeated pattern when Charlemagne was distracted by other matters.
Bede, a Northumbrian writing around the year 730, remarks that "the old (that is, the continental) Saxons have no king, but they are governed by several satraps who, during war, cast lots for leadership but who, in time of peace, are equal in power." The regnum Saxonum was divided into three provinces – Westphalia, Eastphalia and Angria – which comprised about one hundred pagi or Gaue. Each Gau had its own satrap with enough military power to level whole villages that opposed him.
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In the mid-9th century, Nithard first described the social structure of the Saxons beneath their leaders. The caste structure was rigid; in the Saxon language the three castes, excluding slaves, were called the edhilingui (related to the term aetheling), frilingi and lazzi. These terms were subsequently Latinised as nobiles or nobiliores; ingenui, ingenuiles or liberi; and liberti, liti or serviles.
Mausoleum of Theodoric (Ravenna) - ExteriorThePhotografer · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Commons
The Ostrogoths (Latin: Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people who, in the 5th and 6th centuries, established one of the two major Gothic kingdoms within the Western Roman Empire. The Ostrogoths were associated with the earlier Greuthungi mentioned by Roman authors such as Ammianus Marcellinus, and later identified by the historian Jordanes with the realm of Ermanaric in the 4th century. Ancient sources often referred to them simply as "Goths," but modern scholarship distinguishes them as one of the two main branches of the Gothic peoples, alongside the Visigoths.
The ethnic identity of both the Ostrogoths and Visigoths during the late antique period should not be understood as a direct continuation of some biologically stable "Germanic" lineage. Instead, as historian Ian Wood emphasizes—drawing on the work of Patrick Amory—Gothic identity in the West was a flexible and politicized construct, fashioned through Roman political categories, military patronage, and cultural performance. Particularly under Theodoric, Gothicness functioned as an integrative label, rooted less in ancestral continuity than in court ritual, legal status, and strategic uses of ethnicity. This performative and administrative character of Gothic identity challenges nationalist historiographies that have projected later ethnic essentialism retroactively onto the Goths of Late Antiquity.
Absent the unifying presence of Theodoric, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths were unable to consolidate their realms despite their common Germanic kinship. The few instances where they acted together after this time are as scattered and incidental as they were before. Amalaric succeeded to the Visigothic kingdom in Iberia and Septimania. Theodoric's grandson Athalaric took on the mantle as king of the Ostrogoths for the next five years. Provence was added to the dominion of the new Ostrogothic king Athalaric and through his daughter Amalasuntha who was named regent. Both were unable to settle disputes among Gothic elites. Theodahad, cousin of Amalasuntha and nephew of Theodoric through his sister, took over and slew them; however, the usurping ushered in more bloodshed.
Surviving Gothic writings in the Gothic language include the Ulfilas Bible translation and other religious writings and fragments. In terms of Gothic legislation in Latin, one finds the edict of Theodoric from around the year 500, and the Variae of Cassiodorus, which may also pass as a collection of the state papers of Theodoric and his immediate successors. Among the Visigoths, written laws had already been codified by Euric. Alaric II published a Breviarium of Roman law for his Roman subjects; but the great collection of Visigothic laws dates from the later days of the monarchy, being promulgated by the Visigothic King Reccaswinth about 654. This code gave occasion to some well-known comments by Montesquieu and Gibbon, and has been discussed by Savigny (Geschichte des römischen Rechts, ii. 65) and by various other writers. They are printed in the Monumenta Germaniae, leges, tome i.
The Kingdom of the Rugii or Rugiland was established by the Germanic Rugii in present-day Austria in the 5th century.
Origins and Founding
The Rugii were an East Germanic tribe who probably migrated from southwest Norway to Pomerania in the 1st century. In the beginning of the 4th century, the Rugii moved southwards and settled at the upper Tisza in ancient Pannonia, in what is now modern Hungary. They were later attacked by the Huns, and they fought alongside Attila at the Battle of the Catalunian Plains in 451. In 453, they successfully rebelled against the Huns along with other Germanic tribes at the Battle of Nedao, after which they settled in the counties of Waldviertel and Weinviertel which lie north of the Danube. Nowadays these counties are part of Lower Austria but were never part of the Roman province of Noricum.
Alamannia, or Alemania, was the kingdom established and inhabited by the Alemanni, a Germanic tribal confederation that had broken through the Roman limes in 213.
The Alemanni expanded from the Main River basin during the 3rd century and raided Roman provinces and settled on the left bank of the Rhine River from the 4th century.
Ruled by independent tribal kings during the 4th and the 5th centuries, Alamannia lost its independence in the late 5th century and became a duchy of the Frankish Empire in the 6th century.
Alemannic German persists as a separate family of dialects within High German.
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The distribution of the Low Alemannic and High Alemannic subgroups largely correspond to the extent of historical Alemannia, while the Highest Alemannic dialects spread beyond its limits during the High Middle Ages. The Brünig-Napf-Reuss line is a cultural boundary within High Alemannic which marks the division of Alemannia proper and the Argovia marches between Alemannia and Burgundy.
The names for Germany in modern Arabic (ألمانيا), Catalan (Alemanya), Welsh (Yr Almaen), Cornish (Almayn), French (Allemagne), Persian (ألمان), Galician-Portuguese (Alemanha), Spanish (Alemania), and Turkish (Almanya) all derive from Alamannia. A similar correspondence exists for "German", both as the language and the adjectival form of "Germany".
The Thuringian states refers to the following eight German federal states within the German Empire:The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, officially the Grand Duchy of Saxony from 1903
The duchies of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Saxe-Meiningen
The principalities of Reuss Elder Line, Reuss Younger Line, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
The Thuringi, or Thuringians were a Germanic people who lived in their own kingdom in what is now Central Germany. They are first mentioned in written records starting in the fifth century, during a period when the Huns were the most influential force in Central Europe and the Western Roman Empire lost control of this region.
The kingdom's early history and boundaries are uncertain. However, the medieval kingdom, and the modern German federal state which is still called Thuringia, lies between the Harz in the north, and the Thuringian forest in the south.
The Thuringians do not appear in classical Roman texts under that name. This has led to several proposals connecting them to peoples known from earlier periods.
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In older scholarship it has traditionally been presumed that they were the remnants of the Hermanduri. Johann Kaspar Zeuss for example proposed that the last part of the name (Duri) was the tribal name. Two objections to this tradition have been explained by Matthias Springer. Firstly linguistically, the pronunciation of the "th" sound in the Latin name for Thuringians is believed to have been like an English "th", but this sound could not have evolved from d-sounds in Germanic. Secondly geographically, the Hermunduri didn't live in or near the area of medieval Thuringia.
The Thuringi established an empire in the late fifth century. It reached its territorial peak in the first half of the sixth century, before it was conquered by the Franks in 531–532.
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Under the leadership of Alboin, a large group of Thuringi joined the Lombards on their migration into Italy. The Lombard king Agilulf (590–616) was of Thuringian descent.
After their conquest, the Thuringi were placed under Frankish dukes, but they rebelled and had regained their independence by the late seventh century under Radulf. Towards the end of this century, parts of Thuringia came under Saxon rule.
By the time of Charles Martel and Saint Boniface, they were again subject to the Franks and ruled by Frankish dukes, with their seat at Würzburg in the south. Under Martel, the Thuringian dukes' authority was extended over a part of Austrasia and the Bavarian plateau.
Bavarians are an ethnographic group of Germans native to Bavaria, a state in Germany. The group's dialect or language is known as Bavarian, native to Altbayern ("Old Bavaria"), roughly the territory of the historic Electorate of Bavaria in the 17th century.
and the center-right Christian Social Union in Bavaria (successor of the Bavarian People's Party of 1919–1933) has traditionally been the strongest party in the Landtag, and also the party of all minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1946, with the single exception of Wilhelm Hoegner, 1954–1957.
Native and historic, Bavarian, Predominant, German
Religion
Christianity (Catholic Church with a Protestant minority)
Population
c. 15 million
Duchy of Thuringia
567 CE – 723 CE · Capital: Erfurt · 40,557 km²
The Duchy of Thuringia, later known as the Landgraviate of Thuringia, was a polity in medieval Thuringia, initially a duchy, and then a landgraviate. It was centered in the homeland of Thuringians, encompassing territories previously ruled by independent Kings of Thuringia. During the first half of the 6th century, Thuringia came under the supreme rule of Frankish kings, and was organized as an eastern frontier region of the Merovingian kingdom of Austrasia.
Vollwappen Wettiner Landgraf Albrecht (1265)Simsunman · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Commons
Frisia Kingdom
612 CE – 717 CE · 63,720 km²
Frisia is a cross-border cultural region in Northwestern Europe. Stretching along the Wadden Sea, it encompasses the north of the Netherlands and parts of northwestern Germany. Wider definitions of "Frisia" may include the island of Rømø and the other Danish Wadden Sea Islands. The region is traditionally inhabited by the Frisians, a West Germanic ethnic group.
A half-million Frisians in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands speak West Frisian. Several thousand people in Nordfriesland and Heligoland in Germany speak a collection of North Frisian dialects. A small number of Saterland Frisian language speakers live in four villages in Lower Saxony, in the Saterland region of Cloppenburg county, just beyond the boundaries of traditional East Frisia. Many Frisians speak Low Saxon dialects which have a Frisian substratum known as Friso-Saxon, especially in East Frisia, where the local dialects are called Oostfräisk ("East Frisian") or Oostfräisk Plat (East Frisian Low Saxon). In the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and in North Frisia, there are also areas where Friso-Saxon dialects are predominantly spoken, such as Gronings. In West Frisia, there are West Frisian-influenced dialects of Dutch such as West Frisian Dutch and Stadsfries.
Maria Saal, district Klagenfurt-Land, Carinthia, AustriaJohann Jaritz · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Commons
Carantania, also known as Carentania (Slovene: Karantanija, German: Karantanien, in Old Slavic *Korǫtanъ), was a Slavic principality that emerged in the second half of the 7th century, in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia. Since the middle of the 8th century, it was allied with Bavaria against the Avars, and consequently became a vassal state of the Frankish Empire. In the same time, Christianisation of Carantanian Slavs was initiated, mainly through missionary activities of the Archdiocese of Salzburg.
The name Carantania is of proto-Slavic origin. Paul the Deacon mentions Slavs in "Carnuntum, which is erroneously called Carantanum" (Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum).
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A possible etymological explanation is that it may have been formed from a toponymic base carant- which ultimately derives from pre-Indo-European root *karra meaning 'rock', or that it is of Celtic origin and derived from *karant- meaning 'friend, ally'. Its Slavic name *korǫtanъ was adopted from the Latin *carantanum. The toponym Carinthia (Slovene: Koroška < Proto-Slavic *korǫt’ьsko) is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic *carantia. In Slovene, Korotan remained a synonym for both Carinthia and Carantania well into the 19th and early 20th century.
In its early stages, the language of Carantanian Slavs was essentially Proto-Slavic. In Slovenian linguistic literature and reference books it is sometimes provisionally termed Alpine Slavic (alpska slovanščina). Its Proto-Slavic character can be deduced from language contacts of Alpine Slavs with the remainders of the Romanised aboriginal population, later also with Bavarians. The adopted Pre-Slavic placenames and river names and their subsequent phonetic development in Alpine Slavic, as well as Bavarian records of Alpine Slavic names, shed light on the characteristics of the Alpine Slavic language.
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From the 9th century onwards, Alpine Slavic underwent a series of gradual changes and innovations which were characteristic of South Slavic languages. By roughly the 13th century, these developments gave rise to the Slovene language.
Chronicle of Fredegar mentions Carantania as Sclauvinia, Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) mentions Carantania as Chiarentana. The same name was also used by Florentines, such as the poet Fazio degli Uberti (circa 1309–1367), the famous chronicler Giovanni Villani (c. 1275–1348), and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), who wrote that the Brenta River rises from the mountains of Carantania, a land in the Alps dividing Italy from Germany.
793 CE – 946 CE · Capital: Veligard or Veligrad (German: Michelenburg) · 15,438 km²
The Obotrites (Latin: Obotriti, Abodritorum, Abodritos) or Obodrites, also spelled Abodrites (German: Abodriten), were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany (see Polabian Slavs). For decades, they were allies of Charlemagne in his wars against the Germanic Saxons and the Slavic Veleti. The Obotrites under Prince Thrasco defeated the Saxons in the Battle of Bornhöved (798).
Polabian, the known major cults: Prove in Stargard, Wagria, Podaga in Plön, Wagria, Zhiva according to Helmold, Svarozhich/Radegast according to Helmold, folk polytheism of minor cults, Chernobog according to Helmold, Saxon paganism (Nordalbingian Saxons), Chalcedonian Christianity (missionaries, some nobles)
Coins, Currency and Symbols
Siedlungsgebiet Abodriten1de:Benutzer:Marcel Rogge und de:Benutzer:Zweedorf22 · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Commons
Herrmann, Joachim (1970). Die Slawen in Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH.
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Müller-Wille, Michael (2002). "Zwischen Kieler Förde und Wismarbucht: Archäologie der Obodriten vom späten 7. bis zur Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts." In: Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission, vol. 83, pp. 243–264.
850 CE – 910 CE · Capital: Various, including Frankfurt and Ratisbon (Regensburg), Old High German, Old Low German, Old Frisian, Slavic languages · 730,939 km²
Historical city centre of Frankfurt (Germany) with Frankfurt Skyline behindThomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de · CC BY-SA 3.0 de · Commons
East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of the Carolingian Empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911. It was established through the 843 Treaty of Verdun which divided the former kingdom of Francia into three kingdoms: Francia Orientalis (the East Frankish kingdom); Francia Media (the Middle Frankish kingdom); and Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom).
Denarius van Antoninus Pius in zilver, 140 tot 143 NC, vindplaats: Onbekend, collectie Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren, S-175http://exploratorium.galloromeinsmuseum.be/Default.aspx?query=search=deeplink%7C/record/uniqid=obj_46165&showtype=record · Public domain · Commons
Upper Burgundy (Latin: Burgundia superior; French: Bourgogne supérieure) was a historical region in the early medieval Burgundy, and a distinctive realm known as the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy, that existed from 888 to 933, when it was incorporated into the reunited Kingdom of Burgundy, that lasted until 1032. During those periods, the region of Upper Burgundy was encompassing the entire Juran Burgundy (French: Bourgogne jurane), including the County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté).
911 CE – 961 CE · Capital: Regensburg · 736,897 km²
Beschreibung: Regensburg Uferpanorama Quelle: selbst fotografiert Datum: August 2006 Fotograf: Karsten Dörre (grizurgbg)No machine-readable author provided. Grizurgbg assumed (based on copyright claims). · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Commons
In medieval history, the Kingdom of Germany (Latin: Regnum Teutonicum) was the original core of the Holy Roman Empire, which continued to be distinguished from other parts of the empire such as the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Burgundy. It evolved from the eastern Frankish kingdom formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, which split the Carolingian Empire. The Kingdom of Germany originally consisted of several identifiable regions which became the stem duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Thuringia, Bavaria, and Swabia, and in the 10th century it consolidated its hold on Lotharingia.
Within East Francia were large duchies, sometimes called kingdoms (regna) after their former status, which had a certain level of internal solidarity. Early among these were Saxony and Bavaria, which had been conquered by Charlemagne.
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Saxony, Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia and Lotharingia. Thuringia, while one of the "old stem duchies", is not counted among the young stem duchies because it had been absorbed into Saxony in 908, before the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire.
The conventional term "younger" serves to distinguish them from the (poorly documented) duchies under the Merovingian monarchs.
I am attempting to refute the whole hallowed doctrine of the difference between the beginnings of the West-Frankish, "French", principautés territoriales, and the East-Frankish, "German," stem-duchies... Certainly, their names had already appeared during the Migrations.
Upper Burgundy (Latin: Burgundia superior; French: Bourgogne supérieure) was a historical region in the early medieval Burgundy, and a distinctive realm known as the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy, that existed from 888 to 933, when it was incorporated into the reunited Kingdom of Burgundy, that lasted until 1032. During those periods, the region of Upper Burgundy was encompassing the entire Juran Burgundy (French: Bourgogne jurane), including the County of Burgundy (modern region of Franche-Comté).
936 CE – 1384 CE · Capital: Arles, <!--WP:OR: · 117,221 km²
Blick vom Ufer der Rhone auf Arles-ProvenceSteffen Heilfort · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Commons
The Kingdom of Burgundy, also known as the Kingdom of Arles, was a realm established in 933 by the unification of Lower Burgundy with the Upper Burgundy. As an independent kingdom, it was ruled by monarchs from the Elder House of Welf until 1032, when it was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, becoming one of the empire's three constituent realms, together with the Kingdom of Germany and the Kingdom of Italy.
Castle mountain Graz, view from the spire of the town hallRalf Roletschek · CC BY-SA 3.0 at · Commons
The Duchy of Styria (German: Herzogtum Steiermark; Slovene: Vojvodina Štajerska; Latin: Ducatus Styriae) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918.
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located at the intersection of Central, Western, and Southern Europe. It is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, and Italy to the south.
The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date to about 150,000 years ago. The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, which were found at Gächlingen, date to around 5300 BC.
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The earliest known tribes formed the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly influenced by Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most prominent La Tène tribes were the Helvetii, who primarily occupied the Swiss Plateau, alongside the Rhaetians in the eastern regions. Facing pressures from Germanic tribes, in 58 BC, the Helvetii, influenced by Orgetorix, a wealthy aristocrat, decided to abandon the Swiss Plateau for better opportunities in western Gallia.
Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Swiss neutrality has been questioned at times. In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations. It was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s. However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.
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Many international institutions have headquarters in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality.
German (62%), French (23%), Italian (8%), Romansh (0.5%)
Religion
54.7% Christianity, 30% Catholicism, 18.7% Protestantism, 6% other Christian, 36.8% no religion, 6% Islam, 1.5% other religions, 0.9% unanswered
Economy and Trade
Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy. It is frequently ranked among the world's wealthiest country per capita; for example in 2024 the CIA world factbook ranked Switzerland as having the 10th highest GDP per capita (at purchasing power parity) in the world. The country ranks as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, while its banking sector was rated in 2018 as "one of the most corrupt in the world". It has the world's twentieth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-eighth largest by purchasing power parity. As of 2021, it is the thirteenth largest exporter, and the fifth largest per capita. Zurich and Geneva are regarded as global cities, ranked as Alpha and Beta respectively. Basel is the capital of Switzerland's pharmaceutical industry, hosting Novartis, Roche, and many other players.
Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports, reflecting the nature of the country. Winter sports are practised by natives and visitors. The bobsleigh was invented in St. Moritz. The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among its most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.
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The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are football and ice hockey.
The headquarters of the international football's and ice hockey's governing bodies, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) are located in Zurich. Many other headquarters of international sports federations are located in Switzerland.
Ancient and Medieval States of the German Lands: Frequently Asked Questions
Which states existed in the German Lands in this period?
This page maps 18 states of the German Lands founded between 283 CE and 1294 CE: Saxons, Ostrogoths, Rugiland, Kingdom of Alamannia, Thuringian states, Kingdom of Thuringia, Bavarians, Duchy of Thuringia, Frisia Kingdom, Carantania, Obotrites, East Franks and 6 more.
Which was the largest of the Ancient and Medieval States of the German Lands?
Kingdom of Germany had the largest mapped extent, about 736,897 km².
Which of the Ancient and Medieval States of the German Lands lasted longest?
Swiss Confederation lasted longest, 1294 CE – 2024 CE.
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