Map of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a country in Asia with its capital at Ashgabat, home to about 7.62 million people across 491,210 km². The interactive map below plots 13 cities and towns, 3 rivers, 2 lakes and 3 mountain summits recorded for Turkmenistan in YearMaps.
- Population
- 7.62 million
- Area
- 491,210 km²
- Capital
- Ashgabat
- Continent
- Asia
Interactive Map of Turkmenistan
Centred on Ashgabat at 37.9500° N, 58.3833° E. Use the layer panel to switch on rivers, dams, ports, peaks and historical borders.
About Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west. It is one of six independent Turkic states. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. With over 7 million people, Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations located on the Asian continent.
Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures. Merv is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, and was once among the biggest cities in the world. It was also one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Turkmenistan is widely criticized for its poor human rights record, including for its treatment of minorities, and its lack of press and religious freedoms. Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Türkmenbaşy or "Head of the Turkmens") until his death in 2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic election (who had been the minister of health, vice-president, and then acting president previously); and his son Serdar, who won a subsequent 2022 presidential election described by international observers as neither free nor fair, and now shares power with his father.
Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth-largest reserves of natural gas, and many leaks. Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. Turkmenistan is an observer state in the Organisation of Turkic States, a founding member of TÜRKSOY (the International Organization of Turkic Culture) and a member of the United Nations.
Summary adapted from Wikipedia: Turkmenistan (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Geography and Climate of Turkmenistan
Present-day Turkmenistan has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries. Various Persian empires ruled the area in antiquity, and Alexander the Great, Muslim armies, the Mongols, Turkic warriors, and eventually the Russians conquered it. In medieval times, Merv (located in present-day Mary province) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia in the late 1800s, Turkmen territories later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik resistance in Central Asia. In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence when the USSR dissolved in 1991. President for Life Saparmurat NIYAZOV died in 2006, and Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, a deputy chairman under NIYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president. BERDIMUHAMEDOV won Turkmenistan's first multi-candidate presidential election in 2007, and again in 2012 and 2017 with over 97% of the vote in elections widely regarded as undemocratic. In 2022, BERDIMUHAMEDOV announced that he would step down from the presidency and called for an election to replace him. His son, Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV, won the ensuing election with 73% of the vote. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, although no longer head of state, maintains an influential political position as head of the Halk Maslahaty (People’s Council) and as National Leader of the Turkmen People, a title that provides additional privileges and immunity for him and his family. Since Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV stepped down from the presidency, state-controlled media upgraded his honorific from Arkadag (protector) to Hero-Arkadag, and began referring to Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV as Arkadagly Serdar, which can be translated as "Serdar who has a protector to support him." Turkmenistan has sought new export markets for its extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves, which have yet to be fully exploited. Turkmenistan's reliance on gas exports has made the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the global energy market, and economic hardships since the drop in energy prices in 2014 have led many citizens of Turkmenistan to emigrate, mostly to Turkey.
- Location
- Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan.
- Climate
- Subtropical desert.
- Terrain
- Flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west.
- Highest point
- Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m.
- Lowest point
- Vpadina Akchanaya (Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya, the lake has dropped as low as -110 m) -81 m.
- Coastline
- 0 km (landlocked)
- Land borders
- Total: 4,158 km; border countries: Afghanistan 804 km; Iran 1,148 km; Kazakhstan 413 km; Uzbekistan 1,793 km.
- Major rivers
- Amu Darya (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth.
- Major lakes
- Salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km.
- Natural resources
- Petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt.
- Land use
- Agricultural land: 84.2% (2023 est.); arable land: 3.4% (2023 est.); permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.); permanent pasture: 80.8% (2023 est.); forest: 5% (2023 est.); other: 10.7% (2023 est.)
- Natural hazards
- Earthquakes; mudslides; droughts; dust storms; floods.
- Geographic note
- Landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau.
- Languages
- Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%.
- Religions
- Muslim 93%, Christian 6.4%, Buddhist <1%, folk religion <1%, Jewish <1%, other <1%, unspecified <1% (2020 est.)
- Ethnic groups
- Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003 est.)
- Economy
- Upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; houses fourth-largest natural gas reserves and rich in natural resources; authoritarian and dominated by state-owned enterprises; challenges include overvalued currency, high inflation risks, lack of economic diversification due to heavy state control and bureaucracy.
From the CIA World Factbook (public domain), archived edition of 2026-01-22. The Factbook is no longer updated, so figures reflect that edition.
Turkmenistan in Numbers
- Population
- 7.62 million
- GDP
- US$49.8 billion
- GDP per person
- US$6,540
- Life expectancy
- 70.2 years
- Population growth
- 1.65% a year
- Population density
- 16 per km²
- Urban population
- 47.1%
- Surface area
- 491,209 km²
- Forest cover
- 5.0%
- Arable land
- 3.5%
- Access to electricity
- 100.0%
- Internet users
- 18.0%
Indicators from World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0). The year under each figure is its reference year.
Turkmenistan in Depth
History
Historically inhabited by Indo-Iranians, Turkmenistan's written history begins with its annexation by the Achaemenid Empire of ancient Iran. After centuries of turmoil, over a thousand years later, in the 8th century AD, Turkic-speaking Oghuz tribes moved from Mongolia into present-day Central Asia. Part of a powerful confederation of tribes, these Oghuz formed the ethnic basis of the modern Turkmen population. In the 10th century, the name "Turkmen" was first applied to Oghuz groups that accepted Islam and began to occupy present-day Turkmenistan. There they were under the dominion of the Seljuk Empire, which was composed of Oghuz groups living in present-day Iran and Turkmenistan.
Geography
At 488,100 km2 (188,500 sq mi), Turkmenistan is the world's 52nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Spain and larger than Cameroon. It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 52° and 67° E.
Over 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. The center of the country is dominated by the Turan Depression and the Karakum Desert. Topographically, Turkmenistan is bounded by the Ustyurt Plateau to the north, the Kopet Dag Range to the south, the Paropamyz Plateau, the Koytendag Range to the east, the Amu Darya Valley, and the Caspian Sea to the west. Turkmenistan includes three tectonic regions, the Epigersin platform region, the Alpine shrinkage region, and the Epiplatform orogenesis region.
Economy
The country possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas and substantial oil resources.
Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its economy. In 2019, the unemployment rate was estimated to be 4.27%.
Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, the value of total exports rose sharply due to increases in international oil and gas prices. The subsequent collapse of both hydrocarbon and cotton prices in 2014 cut revenues from export sales severely, causing Turkmenistan to run trade deficits from 2015 through 2017.
Demographics
The last census to be published in full was held in 1995. Detailed results of every census since then have been kept secret, although a total figure for the 2022 census was released. Available figures indicate that most of Turkmenistan's citizens are ethnic Turkmens with sizeable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. Smaller minorities include Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kurds (native to the Kopet Dagh mountains), Armenians, Azeris, Balochs and Pashtuns. The percentage of ethnic Russians in Turkmenistan dropped from 18.6% in 1939 to 9.5% in 1989.
Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Turkmenistan (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Turkmenistan: Key Facts
| Currency | Turkmenistan new manat |
|---|---|
| Official language | Turkmen |
| Head of state | Serdar Berdimuhamedow |
| Head of government | Serdar Berdimuhamedow |
| Form of government | republic, presidential system |
| Calling code | +993 |
| Internet domain | .tm |
| Highest point | Aýrybaba |
| Lowest point | Turan Depression |
| Established | 27 October 1991 |
Facts from Wikidata Q874 (CC0).
History of Turkmenistan: Empires and States
The atlas records 42 polities whose mapped territory included part of Turkmenistan, from Median Kingdom in 615 BCE to 2024 CE. They are listed in the order they first appear.
| Polity | Period here | Extent |
|---|---|---|
| Median Kingdom | 615–551 BCE | A large part |
| Achaemenid Persian Empire | 550–330 BCE | Most |
| Achaemenid Empire | 550–327 BCE | Most |
| The Macedonian Empire of Alexander | 323–308 BCE | A large part |
| Seleucid Empire | 307–240 BCE | A large part |
| Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | 247–165 BCE | A small part |
| Parthian Empire | 239 BCE – 237 CE | Most |
| Indo-Scythians | 144–92 BCE | A small part |
| The Sasanian Empire | 238–643 CE | Most |
| White Huns | 490–560 CE | Most |
| Göktürk Khaganate | 561–586 CE | A large part |
| Western Göktürks | 587–643 CE | A large part |
| Rashidun Caliphate | 644–665 CE | A large part |
| The Umayyad Caliphate | 666–749 CE | Most |
| The Abbasid Caliphate | 750–910 CE | Most |
| Samanid Empire | 886–999 CE | Most |
| Ghaznavid Empire | 1000–1033 CE | Most |
| Seljuk Dynasty | 1034–1039 CE | Most |
| Great Seljuk Empire | 1040–1187 CE | Most |
| Khwarezmid Dynasty | 1094–1201 CE | Most |
| Ghurid Dynasty | 1188–1201 CE | A small part |
| Khwarezmid Empire | 1202–1226 CE | Most |
| The Mongol Empire | 1227–1343 CE | Most |
| Ilkhanate | 1294–1343 CE | A large part |
| Golden Horde | 1294–1401 CE | A small part |
| Kartids | 1344–1384 CE | A small part |
| Sarbadars | 1344–1394 CE | A large part |
| White Horde | 1363–1384 CE | A small part |
| Timurid Empire | 1375–1506 CE | Most |
| Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire | 1395–1406 CE | Most |
| Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire | 1407–1467 CE | Most |
| Safavid Dynasty | 1512–1720 CE | A large part |
| Khanate of Khiva | 1512–1919 CE | Most |
| Khanate of Bukhara | 1526–1737 CE | Most |
| Afsharid Iran | 1738–1756 CE | A large part |
| Durrani Empire | 1752–1790 CE | A large part |
| Zand Dynasty | 1757–1787 CE | A small part |
| Qajar Dynasty | 1788–1821 CE | A small part |
| Emirate of Bukhara | 1791–1821 CE | A small part |
| The Russian Empire | 1868–1916 CE | Nearly all |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 1922–1991 CE | Nearly all |
| Turkmenistan | 1992–2024 CE | Most |
Historical Maps of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan on the world map in each year one of these states held it:
Derived by testing mapped cities against dated territorial polygons. Dates are when the polygons cover this place, not the polity's whole lifespan, and polities absent from the source dataset are not listed.
Visiting Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Türkmenistan) is one of the most isolated countries in the world and is dubbed as the "motherland of neutrality". Formerly a part of the Soviet Union, it is situated in Central Asia and is surrounded by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. The country has been a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures; many of Turkmenistan's cities were main points of trade on the Silk Road, linking Eastern and Western civilizations. Three of its cities are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Modern Turkmenistan is dominated and run by a very strict, controlling, and totalitarian government that maintains a very tight grip over its people. Turkmenistan's past and current presidents have imposed their eccentricities and bizarre beliefs – for instance, banning dogs from the capital city, banning black cars because they are "bad luck", closing hospitals outside the capital city, and so on – upon the country and are usually treated, at least publicly, as "gods" in Turkmen culture. Tourists may only travel to Turkmenistan as part of a guided tour.
Travel notes adapted from Wikivoyage: Turkmenistan (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Largest Cities in Turkmenistan
13 cities recorded. Ranked by metropolitan population. A port city's harbour is written up on the page of its sea.
| # | Name | Population | Region | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashgabat | 727,700 | Ahal | National capital |
| 2 | Türkmenabat | 234,817 | Chardzhou | Admin-1 capital |
| 3 | Daşoguz | 201,424 | Tashauz | Admin-1 capital |
| 4 | Mary | 178,708 | Mary | Admin-1 capital |
| 5 | Balkanabat | 110,827 | Balkan | Populated place |
| 6 | Türkmenbaşy | 68,292 | Balkan | Admin-1 capital |
| 7 | Tejen | 67,294 | Ahal | Populated place |
| 8 | Gyzlarbat | 48,458 | Balkan | Populated place |
| 9 | Buzmeyin | 40,813 | Ahal | Populated place |
| 10 | Kaka | 38,381 | Ahal | Populated place |
| 11 | Atamyrat | 33,242 | Chardzhou | Populated place |
| 12 | Koneurgench | 31,400 | Tashauz | Populated place |
| 13 | Celeken | 1,206 | Balkan | Populated place |
Highest Mountains in Turkmenistan
3 mountains recorded. Ranked by summit elevation above sea level. A summit on a border is listed under both countries.
| # | Name | Elevation | Feet | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ayrybaba | 3,137 m | 10,292 ft | Asia |
| 2 | Kuh-e Ruzeh | 2,941 m | 9,649 ft | Asia |
| 3 | Gora Arlan | 1,880 m | 6,168 ft | Asia |
Ayrybaba
Mountain · 3,137 m
Ayrybaba is a mountain rising to 3,137 metres (10,292 ft) in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, in the Asia region. The summit stands on the border between them. From PeakBagger.com, with kind permission..
Ayribobo (Uzbek: Ayribobo choʻqqisi) or Aýrybaba (Turkmen: Aýrybaba), officially named the Great Saparmyrat Turkmenbashi Peak (Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy belentligi) in Turkmenistan since 2004, is a mountain in Central Asia. At 3,138 metres (10,295 ft) Aýrybaba is the highest mountain in Turkmenistan. It is located in the Köýtendag Range of the Pamir-Alay chain in the southeast of Turkmenistan on the Uzbekistani border.
Adapted from Wikipedia: Ayribobo (CC BY-SA 4.0).
- Elevation
- 3,137 m (10,292 ft)
- Global rank
- #208 of 641 indexed
- Region
- Asia (#84)
- Countries
- Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
- Coordinates
- 37.8301°, 66.5699°
Of the 641 named summits indexed in YearMaps, Ayrybaba ranks #208 by elevation, below Fan Si Pan (3,142 m) and above Redoubt Volcano (3,108 m).
- Ranges:
- Hindu Kush (Asia), Pamirs (Asia)
- Neighbouring summits:
- Gora Arlan (1,880 m)
- Settlements below:
- Atamyrat (120 km), Türkmenabat (297 km), Mary (417 km)
More about Ayrybaba
Ayrybaba: Key Facts
| Topographic prominence | 1,639 m |
|---|---|
| Mountain range | Köýtendag Range |
Facts from Wikidata Q794684 (CC0).
Gora Arlan
Mountain · 1,880 m
Gora Arlan is a mountain rising to 1,880 metres (6,168 ft) in Turkmenistan, in the Asia region. From PeakBagger.com, with kind permission..
Mount Arlan (Turkmen: Arlan dagy) is an 1,880-metre (6,168 ft) peak in the western plains of Turkmenistan in Balkan Province. Mount Arlan stands about 2,000 metres above the shore of the below-sea level Caspian Sea. It is the highest summit of the Uly Balkan range.
The town of Balkanabat, the capital of Balkan Province, lies 25 km to the southwest.
Adapted from Wikipedia: Mount Arlan (CC BY-SA 4.0).
- Elevation
- 1,880 m (6,168 ft)
- Global rank
- #436 of 641 indexed
- Region
- Asia (#156)
- Country
- Turkmenistan
- Coordinates
- 39.6700°, 54.5399°
Of the 641 named summits indexed in YearMaps, Gora Arlan ranks #436 by elevation, below Puy de Sancy (1,885 m) and above Pico Paraná (1,877 m).
- Ranges:
- Kopet Dag Mountains (Asia), Lesser Caucasus (Asia)
- Neighbouring summits:
- Mount Damavand (5,610 m), Mount Ararat (5,137 m), Cheekha Dar (3,611 m)
- Settlements below:
- Balkanabat (23 km), Türkmenbaşy (140 km), Gonbad-e Kavus (274 km)
More about Gora Arlan
Gora Arlan: Key Facts
| Topographic prominence | 1,748 m |
|---|---|
| Mountain range | Uly Balkan |
Facts from Wikidata Q777434 (CC0).
Largest Lakes in Turkmenistan
2 lakes recorded. Ranked by mapped surface area. A lake on a border is listed under each country it lies in, with the area of the whole lake.
| # | Name | Surface Area | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Caspian Sea | 425,231 km² | Inland Sea / Endorheic Lake |
| 2 | Sarygamysh Köli | 3,810 km² | Alkaline Lake |
Caspian Sea
Inland Sea / Endorheic Lake · 425,231 km²
Caspian Sea is a inland sea / endorheic lake in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Russia and Azerbaijan, with a mapped surface area of about 425,231 km². World's largest inland body of water by surface area (371,000 km²) and volume..
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, also described as the world's largest lake and usually referred to as a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it is situated in both Europe and Asia: east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia, south of the fertile plains of Southern Russia in Eastern Europe, and north of the mountainous Iranian Plateau. It covers a surface area of 371,000 km2 (143,244 sq mi) (excluding the highly saline lagoon of Garabogazköl to its east), an area similar to Japan, with a volume of 78,200 km3 (19,000 cu mi). It has a salinity of approximately 1.2% (12 g/L), about a third of the salinity of average seawater. It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the southwest, Iran to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southeast. The name of the Caspian Sea is derived from the ancient Iranic Caspi people.
The lake stretches 1,200 km (750 mi) from north to south, with an average width of 320 km (200 mi). Its gross coverage is 386,400 km2 (149,200 sq mi) and the surface is about 27 m (89 ft) below sea level.
Adapted from Wikipedia: Caspian Sea (CC BY-SA 4.0).
- Surface area
- 425,231 km²
- Area rank
- #1 of 756 indexed
- Type
- Inland Sea / Endorheic Lake
- Countries
- Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Russia, Azerbaijan
- Coordinates
- 44.1562°, 50.2358°
Among the 756 water bodies with a mapped extent in YearMaps, Caspian Sea ranks #1 by surface area, ahead of Lake Superior (84,920 km²). Areas are computed from the mapped outline and are approximate.
- Settlements on the shore:
- Türkmenbaşy (33 km), Balkanabat (113 km), Buzmeyin (482 km)
More about Caspian Sea
History
The main geologic history locally had two stages. The first is the Miocene, determined by tectonic events that correlate with the closing of the Tethys Sea. The second is the Pleistocene noted for its glaciation cycles and the full run of the present Volga. During the first stage, the Tethys Sea had evolved into the Sarmatian Lake, that was created from the modern Black Sea and south Caspian, when the collision of the Arabian peninsula with West Asia pushed up the Kopet Dag and Caucasus Mountains, making lasting south and west limits to the basin. This orogenic movement was continuous, while the Caspian was regularly disconnected from the Black Sea.
Economy
Countries in the Caspian region, particularly Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, have high-value natural-resource-based economies, where the oil and gas compose more than 10 percent of their GDP and 40 percent of their exports. All the Caspian region economies are highly dependent on this type of mineral wealth. The world energy markets were influenced by Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, as they became strategically crucial in this sphere, thus attracting the largest share of foreign direct investment (FDI).
All of the countries are rich in solar energy and harnessing potential, with the highest rainfall much less than the mountains of central Europe in the mountains of the west, which are also rich in hydroelectricity sources.
Iran has high fossil fuel energy potential.
Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Caspian Sea (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Caspian Sea: Key Facts
| Surface area | 386,400 km² |
|---|---|
| Maximum depth | 1,025 m |
| Volume | 78,700 km³ |
| Surface elevation | -28 m |
| Inflows | Astarachay, Atrek River, Volga, Gorganrud, Kuma, Kura |
| Drainage system | Caspian Sea Basin |
Facts from Wikidata Q5484 (CC0).
Rivers in Turkmenistan
3 rivers recorded. Listed alphabetically. A river is listed where its mapped reach lies, so long rivers appear under more than one country.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan
3 World Heritage Sites recorded. Listed by year of inscription, earliest first. Sites shared with another country appear under each.
| # | Name | Inscribed | Type | Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Merv | 1999 | Cultural | (ii) (iii) |
| 2 | Köneürgenç | 2005 | Cultural | (ii) (iii) |
| 3 | Nisa | 2007 | Cultural | (ii) (iii) |
Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Turkmenistan
6 mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms recorded. Ranked by mapped area. Covers mountain ranges, deserts, plateaus, named glaciers, plains, basins, peninsulas and capes. One that crosses a border is listed under every country it lies in, with the area of the whole feature.
| # | Name | Area | Type | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Asia | 46.28M km² | Continent | Asia |
| 2 | Turan Lowland | 873,039 km² | Plain | Asia |
| 3 | Ustyurt Plateau | 76,986 km² | Plateau | Asia |
| 4 | Kopet Dag Mountains | 40,042 km² | Range/mtn | Asia |
| 5 | Qizilqum Desert | 264 km² | Desert | Asia |
| 6 | Garagum Desert | 8 km² | Desert | Asia |
States and Provinces of Turkmenistan
2 first-level divisions with their own map.
Countries Bordering Turkmenistan
Land and maritime neighbours.
More Maps in Asia
Turkmenistan: Quick Answers
- What is the capital of Turkmenistan?
- The capital of Turkmenistan is Ashgabat.
- What is the population of Turkmenistan?
- Turkmenistan has a population of about 7.62 million, the #104 largest of 225 countries in YearMaps. Source: World Bank, 2025.
- How big is Turkmenistan?
- Turkmenistan covers 491,210 km², ranking #53 by area, with about 16 people per square kilometre.
- Which continent is Turkmenistan in?
- Turkmenistan is in Asia.
- Which countries border Turkmenistan?
- Turkmenistan shares a land or maritime border with Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Afghanistan.
- What is the largest city in Turkmenistan?
- Ashgabat is the largest city in Turkmenistan, with a metropolitan population of about 727,700.
- What is the highest mountain in Turkmenistan?
- The highest summit recorded for Turkmenistan in YearMaps is Ayrybaba at 3,137 m (10,292 ft). Summits on a border are counted for both countries.
- What is the largest lake in Turkmenistan?
- The largest lake recorded in or bordering Turkmenistan is Caspian Sea, at roughly 425,231 km².