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Map of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a country in Asia with its capital at Tashkent, home to about 37.05 million people across 448,978 km². The interactive map below plots 29 cities and towns, 4 rivers, 3 lakes and 1 mountain summits recorded for Uzbekistan in YearMaps.

Population
37.05 million
#42 of 225 · World Bank, 2025
Area
448,978 km²
#57 by area
Capital
Tashkent
Continent
Asia
83 people per km²

Interactive Map of Uzbekistan

5.2

Centred on Tashkent at 41.3137° N, 69.2930° E. Use the layer panel to switch on rivers, dams, ports, peaks and historical borders.

About Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a sovereign, doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the south-west. It is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world, the other being Liechtenstein. The country has a population of more than 39 million, making it the most populous country in Central Asia. Uzbekistan is a member of the Organisation of Turkic States. Uzbek (written in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts), spoken by the Uzbek people who form more than 89% of the population, is the official language of the country. Russian and Tajik are significant minority languages, with Russian serving as a lingua franca. Tajik is primarily spoken by Tajiks living in the southern parts of the country, such as Samarkand and Bukhara.

The first recorded settlers in Uzbekistan were Eastern Iranian nomads, known as Scythians, who founded kingdoms in Khwarazm, Sogdiana, and Bactria in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as in Fergana and Margiana in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD. The area was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Greco-Bactrian rule, was part of the Sasanian Empire until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century. The early Muslim conquests and the subsequent Samanid Empire resulted in the spread of Islam among the local people. During this period, cities began to grow rich from the Silk Road, and became a centre of the Islamic Golden Age. The local Khwarazmian Empire was destroyed in the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Mongol peoples. Timur in the 14th century established the Timurid Empire. The Timurid capital of Samarkand became a centre of science under the rule of Ulugh Beg, giving birth to the Timurid Renaissance. The territories of the Timurid dynasty were conquered by Turko-Mongol Shaybanids in the 16th century. Most of Central Asia was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political centre of Russian Turkestan. In 1924, national delimitation created the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a republic of the Soviet Union. During the Soviet era, Uzbekistan became a leading producer of farm products such as cotton and melons, while also making significant advances in science and technology. It declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991 following the Soviet collapse.

Summary adapted from Wikipedia: Uzbekistan (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Uzbekistan
Image via Wikimedia Commons.

Geography and Climate of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is the geographic and population center of Central Asia, with a diverse economy and a relatively young population. Russia conquered and united the disparate territories of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to the overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, leaving the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half-dry. Independent since the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) dissolved in 1991, the country has diversified agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base, although cotton remains a major part of its economy. Uzbekistan’s first president, Islom KARIMOV, led Uzbekistan for 25 years until his death in 2016. His successor, former Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, has improved relations with Uzbekistan’s neighbors and introduced wide-ranging economic, judicial, and social reforms. MIRZIYOYEV was reelected in 2021 with 80% of the vote and again following a 2023 constitutional referendum with 87% of the vote.

Location
Central Asia, north of Turkmenistan, south of Kazakhstan.
Climate
Mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east.
Terrain
Mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zaravshan; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west.
Highest point
Xazrat Sulton Tog' 4,643 m.
Lowest point
Sariqamish Kuli -12 m.
Coastline
0 km (doubly landlocked)
Land borders
Total: 6,893 km; border countries: Afghanistan 144 km; Kazakhstan 2,330 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,314 km; Tajikistan 1,312 km; Turkmenistan 1,793 km.
Major rivers
Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river mouth (shared with Tajikistan [s], Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan) - 2,620 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth.
Major lakes
Fresh water lake(s): Aral Sea (shared with Kazakhstan) - largely dried up.
Natural resources
Natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum.
Land use
Agricultural land: 58.1% (2023 est.); arable land: 9.1% (2023 est.); permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.); permanent pasture: 47.9% (2023 est.); forest: 8.7% (2023 est.); other: 31.8% (2023 est.)
Natural hazards
Earthquakes; floods; landslides or mudslides; avalanches; droughts.
Geographic note
Along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world.
Languages
Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%.
Religions
Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%.
Ethnic groups
Uzbek 83.8%, Tajik 4.8%, Kazakh 2.5%, Russian 2.3%, Karakalpak 2.2%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.9% (2017 est.)
Economy
Lower-middle income Central Asian economy; key exporter of natural gas, cotton, and gold; ongoing reform efforts to reduce state-owned sector dominance, attract foreign investment, and improve sustainability of cotton production.

From the CIA World Factbook (public domain), archived edition of 2026-01-22. The Factbook is no longer updated, so figures reflect that edition.

Uzbekistan in Numbers

Population
37.05 million
2025
GDP
US$147.0 billion
2025
GDP per person
US$3,968
2025
Life expectancy
72.5 years
2024
Population growth
1.88% a year
2025
Population density
83 per km²
2024
Urban population
51.0%
2025
Surface area
448,923 km²
2024
Forest cover
8.8%
2024
Arable land
9.2%
2024
Access to electricity
100.0%
2024
Internet users
89.5%
2024

Indicators from World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0). The year under each figure is its reference year.

Uzbekistan in Depth

History

The region has been referred to by many names over the millennia. The name Uzbekistan first appears in 16th century literature. Other names for the region include Transoxiana, Turkestan, and Bukhara. In the 14th century the region served as the birthplace, home, and capital of Tamerlane. Under Tamerlane, the region was a part of the Timurid Empire which extended from the Black Sea to the Arabian Sea, and as far as Delhi in India.

Central Asia was shaped by multiple Indo-European migrations. During early antiquity, the region was inhabited by nomadic Scythian tribes who came from the Eurasian Steppe, which includes modern Uzbekistan, sometime during the first millennium BC. These nomadic tribes built an extensive irrigation system along the rivers when they settled in the region.

Geography

Uzbekistan has an area of 448,978 square kilometres (173,351 sq mi). It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 40th by population. Among the CIS countries, it is the fourth largest by area and the second largest by population.

Uzbekistan lies between latitudes 37° and 46° N, and longitudes 56° and 74° E. It stretches 1,425 kilometres (885 mi) from west to east and 930 kilometres (580 mi) from north to south. Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aralkum Desert (former Aral Sea) to the north and northwest, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is one of the largest Central Asian states and the only Central Asian state to border all the other four.

Economy

Uzbekistan mines 80 tonnes of gold annually, ranking seventh in the world. In 2015, the country's gold production was 102 metric tonnes. Uzbekistan's copper deposits rank tenth in the world, and its uranium deposits twelfth. The country's uranium production ranks seventh globally. The Uzbek national gas company, Uzbekneftegaz, ranks 11th in the world in natural gas production, with an annual output of 60 to 70 billion cubic metres (2.1–2.5 trillion cubic feet). The country has significant untapped reserves of oil and gas: there are 194 hydrocarbon deposits in Uzbekistan, including 98 condensate and natural gas deposits and 96 gas condensate deposits.

Uzbekistan improved marginally in the 2020 Ease of Doing Business ranking by the World Bank.

Demographics

As of 2026, Uzbekistan has the largest population of countries in Central Asia. Its 39 million citizens comprise nearly half the region's total population. The population of Uzbekistan is very young though it is slowly aging. 30.4% of its people are younger than age of 15. Uzbeks are a majority (89.4%) of the population. Other ethnic groups include Tajiks 3.3%, Kazakhs 1.8%, Karakalpaks 2.2%, Russians 1.6% and Turkmens 0.5% as of 2026 census.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Uzbekistan (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Uzbekistan: Key Facts

Key facts about Uzbekistan
CurrencyUzbek som
Official languageUzbek
Head of stateShavkat Mirziyoyev
Head of governmentShavkat Mirziyoyev
Form of governmentpresidential system
Calling code+998
Internet domain.uz
Highest pointKhazret Sultan
Lowest pointSarygamysh Lake
Established1991

Facts from Wikidata Q265 (CC0).

History of Uzbekistan: Empires and States

The atlas records 48 polities whose mapped territory included part of Uzbekistan, from Achaemenid Persian Empire in 550 BCE to 2024 CE. They are listed in the order they first appear.

Polities that held Uzbekistan, in chronological order
PolityPeriod here
Achaemenid Persian Empire550–330 BCE
Achaemenid Empire550–327 BCE
The Macedonian Empire of Alexander323–308 BCE
Seleucid Empire307–248 BCE
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom247–127 BCE
Indo-Scythians144–92 BCE
Yuezhi144 BCE – 42 CE
Great Yuan110 BCE – 50 CE
Parthian Empire91 BCE – 237 CE
Kushan Empire43–237 CE
Western Kushans238–259 CE
The Sasanian Empire238–386 CE
Indo-Sasanian Empire260–357 CE
Kidarites358–450 CE
Xionites387–401 CE
White Huns410–560 CE
Göktürk Khaganate561–586 CE
Western Göktürks587–660 CE
Turks666–754 CE
Türgesh705–749 CE
The Umayyad Caliphate718–749 CE
The Abbasid Caliphate750–910 CE
Samanid Empire886–999 CE
Ghaznavid Empire1000–1033 CE
Kara-Khanids1000–1045 CE
Seljuk Dynasty1034–1039 CE
Great Seljuk Empire1040–1151 CE
Eastern Kara-Khanids1046–1065 CE
Western Karakhanid Khanate1046–1084 CE
Khwarezmid Dynasty1094–1201 CE
Kara-Khitans1147–1215 CE
Khwarezmid Empire1202–1226 CE
The Mongol Empire1220–1368 CE
Chagatai Khanate1294–1394 CE
Golden Horde1294–1401 CE
White Horde1363–1384 CE
Timurid Empire1375–1515 CE
Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire1395–1406 CE
Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire1407–1467 CE
Kazakh Khanate1475–1808 CE
Shaybanids1497–1511 CE
Khanate of Khiva1512–1919 CE
Khanate of Bukhara1516–1787 CE
Khanate of Kokand1709–1876 CE
Emirate of Bukhara1788–1919 CE

Also recorded: The Russian Empire, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Republic of Uzbekistan.

Historical Maps of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan on the world map in each year one of these states held it:

Derived by testing mapped cities against dated territorial polygons. Dates are when the polygons cover this place, not the polity's whole lifespan, and polities absent from the source dataset are not listed.

Visiting Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan (Uzbek: Ўзбекистон Oʻzbekiston) is the most populous country in Central Asia and is rich in history, culture, and diversity. It has been a part of numerous empires and was once a key part of the Silk Road, making it an excellent destination for the history buff. Although Uzbekistan is often overlooked as a tourist destination, there is plenty to see and do in this beautiful country, and Uzbeks are warm and hospitable.

Travel notes adapted from Wikivoyage: Uzbekistan (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Largest Cities in Uzbekistan

29 cities recorded. Ranked by metropolitan population. A port city's harbour is written up on the page of its sea.

Largest Cities in Uzbekistan
#NamePopulation
1Tashkent2.18 million
2Fargona750,000
3Namangan750,000
4Samarqand708,000
5Andijon650,000
6Shahrisabz498,545
7Qarshi386,361
8Qoqon350,000
9Bukhara319,476
10Kattaqorgon247,113
11Jizzax235,352
12Nukus230,006
13Denow217,274
14Navoi214,828
15Angren202,070
16Iskandar195,633
17Termiz177,687
18Chirchiq167,842
19Urgentch150,110
20Khiwa149,751
21Olmaliq121,207
22Kogon107,566
23Urgut99,675
24Guliston95,520
25Zarafshon63,543
The other 4 (population, region, role)
  1. Khujayli · 60,401 · Karakalpakstan · Populated place
  2. Qunghirot · 57,758 · Karakalpakstan · Populated place
  3. Chimboy · 36,917 · Karakalpakstan · Populated place
  4. Muynoq · 13,000 · Karakalpakstan · Populated place

Highest Mountains in Uzbekistan

1 mountain recorded. Ranked by summit elevation above sea level. A summit on a border is listed under both countries.

Highest Mountains in Uzbekistan
#NameElevation
1Ayrybaba3,137 m
Ayrybaba
Image via Wikimedia Commons (author and licence on the file page).

Ayrybaba

Mountain · 3,137 m

Ayrybaba is a mountain rising to 3,137 metres (10,292 ft) in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, in the Asia region. The summit stands on the border between them. From PeakBagger.com, with kind permission..

Ayribobo (Uzbek: Ayribobo choʻqqisi) or Aýrybaba (Turkmen: Aýrybaba), officially named the Great Saparmyrat Turkmenbashi Peak (Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy belentligi) in Turkmenistan since 2004, is a mountain in Central Asia. At 3,138 metres (10,295 ft) Aýrybaba is the highest mountain in Turkmenistan. It is located in the Köýtendag Range of the Pamir-Alay chain in the southeast of Turkmenistan on the Uzbekistani border.

Adapted from Wikipedia: Ayribobo (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Elevation
3,137 m (10,292 ft)
Global rank
#208 of 641 indexed
Region
Asia (#84)
Countries
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Coordinates
37.8301°, 66.5699°

Of the 641 named summits indexed in YearMaps, Ayrybaba ranks #208 by elevation, below Fan Si Pan (3,142 m) and above Redoubt Volcano (3,108 m).

Ranges:
Hindu Kush (Asia), Pamirs (Asia)
Settlements below:
Termiz (91 km), Denow (126 km), Qarshi (134 km)

View on the live map

More about Ayrybaba

Ayrybaba: Key Facts

Key facts about Ayrybaba
Topographic prominence1,639 m
Mountain rangeKöýtendag Range

Facts from Wikidata Q794684 (CC0).

Largest Lakes in Uzbekistan

3 lakes recorded. Ranked by mapped surface area. A lake on a border is listed under each country it lies in, with the area of the whole lake.

Largest Lakes in Uzbekistan
#NameSurface Area
1Aral Sea18,580 km²
2Sarygamysh Köli3,810 km²
3Aydar Ko‘l2,171 km²
Aral Sea
Image via Wikimedia Commons (author and licence on the file page).

Aral Sea

Alkaline Lake · 18,580 km²

Aral Sea is a alkaline lake in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, with a mapped surface area of about 18,580 km². About 43% of its surface lies in Uzbekistan, and the rest in Kazakhstan.

The Aral Sea is an endorheic salt lake lying between Kazakhstan to the north and Uzbekistan to the south, which began shrinking in the 1960s and had largely dried up into desert by 2007. It was in the Aktobe and Kyzylorda regions of Kazakhstan and the Karakalpakstan autonomous region of Uzbekistan. The name roughly translates from Mongolic and Turkic languages to "Sea of Islands", a reference to the large number of islands (over 1,100) that once dotted its waters. The Aral Sea drainage basin encompasses Uzbekistan and parts of Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.

Formerly the third-largest lake in the world with an area of 68,000 km2 (26,300 sq mi), the Aral Sea began shrinking in the 1960s after the rivers that fed it were diverted by Soviet irrigation projects. By 2007, it had declined to 10% of its original size, splitting into four lakes: the North Aral Sea, the eastern and western basins of the once far larger South Aral Sea, and the smaller intermediate Barsakelmes Lake. By 2009, the southeastern lake had disappeared and the southwestern lake had retreated to a thin strip at the western edge of the former southern sea.

Adapted from Wikipedia: Aral Sea (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Surface area
18,580 km²
Area rank
#14 of 756 indexed
Type
Alkaline Lake
Countries
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Coordinates
44.8110°, 59.6666°

Among the 756 water bodies with a mapped extent in YearMaps, Aral Sea ranks #14 by surface area, after Lake Ontario (19,732 km²) and ahead of Lake Ladoga (17,744 km²). Areas are computed from the mapped outline and are approximate.

Settlements on the shore:
Qunghirot (191 km), Chimboy (211 km), Nukus (259 km)
Watercourses:
Syr Darya (River), Amu Darya (River)

View on the live map

More about Aral Sea

History

Climate shifts have driven multiple phases of sea-level rise and fall. Inflow rates from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya are affected by glacial melt rates at the rivers' headwaters as well as precipitation within the river basins; cold, dry climates restrict both processes. Geologically driven shifts in the course of the Amu Darya between the Aral Sea and the Sarykamysh basins and anthropogenic water withdrawal from Amu Darya and Syr Darya have caused fluctuations in the Aral Sea's water level. Artificial irrigation systems began in ancient times and continue to the present.

Ecology

All these fish aside from the stickleback lived an anadramous or semi-anadromous lifestyle.

The salinity increase and drying of the lake led to the local extinction of the Aral trout, ruffe, Turkestan barbel, and all sturgeon species, and dams now block their return and migration routes; the Aral trout and Syr Darya sturgeon (Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi) may be extinct due to their restricted range. All other native fish, barring the stickleback (which persisted during the lake's shrinkage and salinity increase), were also extirpated, but many have returned to the North Aral Sea following its recovery from the 1990s onwards.

Impact on environment, economy, and public health

The Aral Sea is considered an example of ecosystem collapse. The ecosystems of the Aral Sea and the river deltas feeding into it have been nearly destroyed, largely because of the salinity being dramatically higher than ocean water. The receding sea has left huge plains covered with salt and toxic chemicals from weapons testing, industrial projects, and runoff of pesticides and fertilizer. Because of the shrinking water source and worsening water and soil quality, pesticides were increasingly used from the 1960s to raise cotton yield, which further polluted the water with toxins (e.g. HCH, TCCD, DDT). Industrial pollution also resulted in PCB and heavy-metal contamination.

Sections adapted from Wikipedia: Aral Sea (CC BY-SA 4.0).

Aral Sea: Key Facts

Key facts about Aral Sea
Surface area8,303 km²
Maximum depth42 m
Surface elevation31 m
InflowsAmu Darya

Facts from Wikidata Q35883 (CC0).

Rivers in Uzbekistan

4 rivers recorded. Listed alphabetically. A river is listed where its mapped reach lies, so long rivers appear under more than one country.

Rivers in Uzbekistan
NameType
Amu DaryaRiver
NarynRiver
Syr DaryaRiver
ZarafshonRiver

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan

8 World Heritage Sites recorded. Listed by year of inscription, earliest first. Sites shared with another country appear under each.

More on these World Heritage Sites →
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan
#NameInscribed
1Itchan Kala1990
2Historic Centre of Bukhara1993
3Shahrisabz2000
4Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures2001
5Western Tian Shan2016
6Cold Winter Deserts of Turan2023
7Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor2023
8Tashkent Modernist Architecture. Modernity and Tradition in Central Asia2026

Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Uzbekistan

6 mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms recorded. Ranked by mapped area. Covers mountain ranges, deserts, plateaus, named glaciers, plains, basins, peninsulas and capes. One that crosses a border is listed under every country it lies in, with the area of the whole feature.

More on these mountain ranges, deserts and other landforms →
Mountain Ranges, Deserts and Landforms of Uzbekistan
#NameArea
1Turan Lowland873,039 km²
2Tian Shan414,352 km²
3Ustyurt Plateau76,986 km²
4Fergana Valley18,784 km²
5Qizilqum Desert264 km²
6Garagum Desert8 km²

States and Provinces of Uzbekistan

2 first-level divisions with their own map.

Countries Bordering Uzbekistan

Land and maritime neighbours.

More Maps in Asia

Uzbekistan: Quick Answers

What is the capital of Uzbekistan?
The capital of Uzbekistan is Tashkent.
What is the population of Uzbekistan?
Uzbekistan has a population of about 37.05 million, the #42 largest of 225 countries in YearMaps. Source: World Bank, 2025.
How big is Uzbekistan?
Uzbekistan covers 448,978 km², ranking #57 by area, with about 83 people per square kilometre.
Which continent is Uzbekistan in?
Uzbekistan is in Asia.
Which countries border Uzbekistan?
Uzbekistan shares a land or maritime border with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan.
What is the largest city in Uzbekistan?
Tashkent is the largest city in Uzbekistan, with a metropolitan population of about 2.18 million.
What is the highest mountain in Uzbekistan?
The highest summit recorded for Uzbekistan in YearMaps is Ayrybaba at 3,137 m (10,292 ft). Summits on a border are counted for both countries.
What is the largest lake in Uzbekistan?
The largest lake recorded in or bordering Uzbekistan is Aral Sea, at roughly 18,580 km².